草书势——————————————————————————
书契之兴,始自颉皇;写彼鸟迹,以定文章。爰暨末叶、典籍弥繁;时之多僻,政之多权。官事荒芜,勦其墨翰;惟多佐隶,旧字是删。草书之法,盖又简略;应时谕指,用于卒迫。兼功并用,爱日省力;纯俭之变,岂必古式。观其法象,俯仰有仪;方不中矩,圆不中规。抑左扬右,望之若欹。兽跂鸟跱,志在飞移;狡兔暴骇,将奔未驰。或¤¤点¤,状似连珠;绝而不离。畜怒怫郁,放逸后奇。或凌邃惴栗,若据高临危,旁点邪附,似螳螂而抱枝。绝笔收势,馀綖纠结;若山蜂施毒,看隙缘巇;腾蛇赴穴,头没尾垂。是故远而望之,漼焉若注岸奔涯;就而察之,一画不可移。几微要妙,临时从宜。略举大较,仿佛若斯。
[注]《草书势》,崔瑗(77-142年)字子玉,涿郡安平(今属河北)人,年轻时游学京都洛阳,与张衡、马融等为伍,官至济北相。崔瑗书法师法杜度,擅长章草,在书史上地位显要,人称崔、杜。《草书势》是谈论草书技法的文章,用比喻的手法加以描述。文见《晋书列传第六·卫恒传》
这是流传至今的我国历史上最早的一篇书法论文,而且是论草书的。书法是一种线条艺术,草书于此尤具代表性。因此,这篇文章也就弥足珍贵。文章在讲了书法的起源之后,重点讲了草书的产生,指出由于“官事荒芜”, 出现了比大小篆简略的“隶书”;而“草书之法,盖又简略,应时谕指,用于卒迫,兼功并用,爱日省力”。这就说明,草书是由于政事繁忙,为适应书写简易快速的需要而产生的。这是符合实际的。任何一种艺术,起初都是为了实用,后来才出于审美的需要,逐渐使之完善成熟。汉代草书在实用中提高技艺,成为一种独具特色的书法艺术,终于得到了社会的承认。
崔瑗《草书势》的重要意义,还在于它记录了他对草书艺术的审美感受,把草书作为供人欣赏的美的艺术。文中提出一个重要美学命题:“观其法象”。法象,本指人的合乎礼仪规范的仪表举止,借用到草书直观上,则指其合乎法度而又独具特色的艺术形象。因此,“观其法象”,就是观赏草书的艺术形象。而且文中具体生动地描绘了这一点。一则说,“抑左扬右,望之若欹”,意在讲草书结体不同于篆隶的对称平稳。一则说,“兽跛鸟踌,志在飞移;狡兔暴骇,将奔未驰”,强调草书的动态美。书法本是空间艺术,是静止的,这里的鸟兽想要“飞移”;狡兔突然受惊将要“奔驰”,给人强烈的时间艺术的动态感。一则又说,“或蜘蛛点蝻,状似连珠,绝而不离”,指出草书的下点,如“燕”、“然”下面四点,笔势也有它自身的特色。一则还说,“若山蜂施毒,看隙缘巇;腾蛇赴穴,头没尾垂”,点出草书笔画的曲折、回旋、流畅。这些都是草书的特殊处。它较之汉代的正书篆、隶来,线条更流畅,更自由,更具活力,更富意态。那笔势“畜怒怫郁”,纵放出来,就会产生出奇异的情景。然则崔瑗在肯定了草书的这些特征之后,又指出草书的自由不是随意的。文中一方面写到“方不中矩, 圆不中规”,指出草书打破了篆隶要求对称平稳的限制;另一方面又写到“就而察之,一画不可移”,表明草书是有自己的法度的,有着“一画不可移”的规则和规律性。这种对自由与规律、合目的性与合规律性的高度统一的要求,是我国先秦美学就具有了的一条重要原则。崔瑗对草书艺术的审美感受,再次体现了这一点。
The rise of cursive script began with emperor Jie; Write the bird's tracks to determine the article. Therefore, the last leaves and ancient books are numerous; There are many secluded times and many powers in politics. If the official affairs are deserted, wipe out Mohan; But many Zuo Li, the old word is deleted. The method of cursive writing is simple and simple; It refers to timely instructions, which are used to force soldiers. Both work and use, love day and save effort; The change of pure thrift does not need to be ancient. Observe its Dharma image and have instrument in pitching; Square out of center moment, round out of center gauge. Restrain the left and raise the right, and look at it as if it were a bird. Animals and birds are determined to fly; The cunning rabbit is frightened and will not run. Or point like beads; Never leave. Animals are angry and depressed, and wonder after leisure. Or Ling deep and apprehensive, if according to the high danger, next to the point of evil attachment, like a mantis and hold a branch. The end of the writing, the remaining tangled; If the wasp is poisoned, look at the gap edge; The flying snake goes to the cave without hanging its head and tail. Therefore, if you look at it from a distance, how can you note the shore and run to the end; As you can see, a painting cannot be moved. It's better to be subtle, but it's better to be temporary. Slightly larger, as if Jos. [note] in cursive script potential, Cui yuan (77-142), Ziyu, was born in Anping, Zhuo prefecture (now Hebei). When he was young, he traveled to Kyoto and Luoyang, accompanied by Zhang Heng and Ma Rong, and became an official in Jibei. Cui yuan's calligrapher FaDu Du is good at Zhang Cao and has a prominent position in the history of books. He is called Cui and Du. Cursive script potential is an article about cursive script techniques, which is described by metaphor. See "the sixth biography of Wei Heng in the book of Jin", which is the earliest calligraphy paper in China's history, and it is on cursive calligraphy. Calligraphy is a kind of line art, and cursive script is particularly representative here. Therefore, this article is precious. After talking about the origin of calligraphy, this paper focuses on the emergence of cursive script, and points out that due to the "desolation of official affairs", there is a "official script" simpler than large and small seal script; "The cursive script method is simple and easy to cover. It is used to force the death, use both skills and efforts, and love the day and save effort". This shows that cursive script is produced due to the busy political affairs to meet the needs of simple and fast writing. This is realistic. Any kind of art, at first, is for practical use. Later, it is out of the need of aesthetics to gradually improve and mature it. Cursive script of the Han Dynasty improved its skills in practice and became a unique calligraphy art, which was finally recognized by the society. The significance of Cui yuan's cursive script is that it records his aesthetic feelings about the art of cursive script and takes cursive script as a beautiful art for people to appreciate. This paper puts forward an important aesthetic proposition: "viewing its legal image". Dharma image originally refers to people's appearance and behavior in line with etiquette norms. When borrowed from cursive intuition, it refers to its legal and unique artistic image. Therefore, "observing its Dharma image" is to watch the artistic image of cursive script. And this is vividly depicted in the article. One said, "restrain the left and raise the right, and look at it as if it were an arrow". It is intended to say that the structure of cursive script is different from the symmetry and stability of seal script and official script. One said, "the animal is lame and the bird is hesitating, aiming to fly; the cunning rabbit is fierce and frightened, and will run without galloping", emphasizing the dynamic beauty of cursive script. Calligraphy is a space art, which is static. The birds and animals here want to "fly"; The cunning rabbit is suddenly frightened and will "gallop", giving people a strong dynamic sense of time art. One said, "or spider points, like a continuous bead, and never leaves", pointing out that the lower points of cursive script, such as the four points below "Yan" and "ran", also have their own characteristics. One also said, "if the mountain bee poisons, look at the gap edge; when the snake goes to the cave, its head does not hang its tail", pointing out the twists, turns and fluency of cursive strokes. These are the special features of cursive script. Compared with the official seal script and official script of the Han Dynasty, its lines are smoother, freer, more energetic and more meaningful. The gesture is "animal anger and depression". If it is released, it will produce strange scenes. However, after affirming these characteristics of cursive script, Cui Yuan pointed out that the freedom of cursive script is not arbitrary. On the one hand, the article wrote that "the square is not in the moment, and the circle is not in the rule", pointing out that cursive script breaks the restriction that seal script and official script require symmetry and stability; On the other hand, he also wrote that "just observe it, one painting cannot be moved", indicating that cursive script has its own law and has the rules and regularity of "one painting cannot be moved". This highly unified requirement of freedom and law, purpose and law is an important principle of Pre-Qin aesthetics in China. Cui yuan's aesthetic feeling of cursive art once again reflects this point.