乔治.修拉作品集

传记

家庭和教育

修1859年12月2日出生在法国巴黎,在60 Bondy街(现在Rene雅街)。修拉的家庭搬到136大道洋红(现在110大道洋红色)在1862年或1863年。^4]来自他的父亲,安东尼Chrysostome修香槟前法律官员,从投机房地产变得富有,和他的母亲,欧内斯廷副检察官,来自巴黎。埃米尔·奥古斯汀,乔治有一个兄弟和一个妹妹,Marie-Berthe,两老。他的父亲住在Le Raincy并参观了他的妻子和孩子一周一次在紫红色的大道。

乔治·秀兰首先在Municipale德学习艺术雕塑等图案,他的家附近的大道品红色,这是由雕塑家贾斯汀Lequien。1878年,他搬到美术学院在那里,他学习了亨利·莱曼,遵循传统的学术训练,从投大师的雕塑古董和复制图纸。修拉的研究导致了深思熟虑过的对比和肥沃的理论:一个理论,所有他的工作之后进行。他的正式的艺术教育结束1879年11月,当他离开美术学院的一年的军旅生涯。

布雷斯特军事学院一年之后,他回到巴黎,他与他的朋友分享一个工作室Aman-Jean16岁,同时租一个小公寓里街夏布洛尔。在接下来的两年里,他在掌握单色画的艺术工作。他第一次展出工作,在沙龙1883年,Aman-Jean的蜡笔画图纸。他还研究的作品尤金·德拉克洛瓦仔细地做笔记用的颜色。

游泳者在河曲

他花了1883在他的第一个主要画一个大帆布题为游泳者在河曲,不朽的作品展示年轻人放松塞纳河在巴黎郊区的一个工人家庭。尽管影响其使用颜色和轻声的印象派,绘画的光滑,简化的纹理和仔细概述,而雕塑人物,展示了他的新古典主义的持续影响培训;评论家保罗亚历克西斯将其描述为一个“人造的Puvis de通知".修也离开了印象派的理想准备工作与一些图纸和石油草图开始前在他的工作室在画布上。

游泳者在河曲拒绝了巴黎沙龙,而他在Groupe des艺人独立1884年5月。很快,然而,失望的可怜的独立组织,修拉和其他一些艺术家通过集团——包括他遇到查尔斯Angrand,亨利。埃德蒙交叉,艾伯特Dubois-Pillet和保罗Signac——建立一个新的组织法国des艺人独立.修拉的新想法点彩派对Signac有特别强烈的影响,随后画在相同的成语。

岛上的一个星期日的下午的确是的

在1884年的夏天,修开始工作岛上的一个星期日的下午的确是的花了他两年的时间才能完成。

这幅画显示了每一个社会阶层的成员参与各种公园活动。微小的彩色漆并列点允许观察者眼睛的混合颜色光,而不是身体的颜色混合在画布上。修两年才完成这个10-foot-wide(3.0米)绘画,其中许多在公园里他花了素描在准备工作(大约有60研究)。现在的永久收藏芝加哥艺术学院.

修了几项研究的大型油画包括一个较小的版本,研究岛上的一个星期日的下午的确是的(1884 - 1885),现在的集合大都会艺术博物馆,在纽约市。

这幅画的灵感詹姆斯Lapine和斯蒂芬桑德海姆的音乐,星期天和乔治在公园.

以后的职业生涯

修隐瞒他与玛德琳Knobloch(或玛德琳Knoblock,1868 - 1868),一个艺术家的他在他的画描绘模型另一幅作品《年轻女人se poudrant。1889年,她搬进了修拉在他的工作室7楼128双克利希林荫道

当玛德琳怀孕,这对夫妇搬到了一个工作室39号通道de l 'Elysee-des-Beaux-Arts安德烈·安东尼街(现在)。她生下了他们的儿子,名叫Pierre-Georges,1890年2月16日。

修拉的海岸上花了1890年的夏天Gravelines,他画了四个油画包括Gravelines的通道,小堡菲利普,以及8个油板,做了一些图纸。

死亡

修拉在巴黎死于他父母的家在1891年3月29日31岁。他的死因是不确定的,并已被归因于一种脑膜炎、肺炎、传染性心绞痛和白喉。他的儿子两周后死于同一种疾病。他最后一次雄心勃勃的工作,马戏团的时候,剩下未完成的他的死亡。

1891年3月30日举行的纪念服务Saint-Vincent-de-Paul教会.修1891年3月31日在葬在一起Cimetiere du Pere-Lachaise.

修拉的死的时候,玛德琳正怀着第二个孩子在出生后不久去世。

色彩理论

当代的想法

在19世纪,scientist-writers等米歇尔·尤金Chevreul,奥格登十字架大卫苏特写论文的颜色,光学效果和感知。他们改编的科学研究赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹和艾萨克·牛顿成的俗人。艺术家遵循新发现知觉怀着极大的兴趣。

Chevreul也许是当时最重要的影响的艺术家,他的巨大贡献是生产色轮初级和中间色调。Chevreul是法国化学家他恢复了挂毯。修复期间他注意到恢复一段正确的唯一方法是考虑到周围的颜色丢失的影响羊毛;他无法产生正确的色调,除非他认识到周围染料。Chevreul发现两种颜色并置,略重叠或非常接近,会有另一种颜色的影响当从一个距离。这一现象的发现成为Neoimpressionist画家的点彩画法的基础。

Chevreul也意识到后看到的“光环”看颜色是相反的颜色(也称为互补色)。例如:看一个红色的对象后,你可能看到一个青色回波/原始对象的光环。这种互补色(红色)作为一个例子,青色是由于视网膜持久性。Neoimpressionist颜色的相互作用使画家感兴趣广泛使用互补色的画。在他的作品中,Chevreul建议艺术家思考和油漆不只是中央的颜色对象,但添加颜色和做出适当的调整,以达到一种和谐的颜色之一。似乎和谐Chevreul写修来到称之为“情绪”。

目前尚不清楚是否修颜色对比读Chevreul所有的书,出版于1859年,但他复制了几个段落篇章的绘画,和他读过查尔斯·布兰科杜的Grammaire des艺术图案(1867),引用Chevreul的工作。布兰科的书是针对艺术家和艺术鉴赏家。因为颜色的情感意义,他明确建议,之后采用Neoimpressionists接近理论。他说颜色不应该基于“味道的判断”,而是应该接近我们现实的经验。布兰科不希望艺术家使用相同强度的颜色,但有意识地计划和理解每个颜色创建一个整体的作用。

虽然Chevreul他的理论基于牛顿思想的混合光,奥格登十字架他的作品基于亥姆霍兹的工作。他分析了混合的影响,对比了颜料的材料。十字架的价值是原色红、兰绿、兰紫。Chevreul一样,他说,如果相邻两种颜色,从远处看起来像第三个独特的颜色。他还指出,主色调的并列相邻将创建一个更强烈的和令人愉快的颜色,当被眼睛和心灵,比相应的颜色通过混合颜料。十字架建议艺术家需要注意的加法和减法品质颜色之间的区别,因为材料颜料和光学混合颜料(光)不以同样的方式:

• 材料色素:红+黄+蓝=黑色
• 光学/光:红+绿+蓝=白

修也受到萨特的视觉现象(1880),他写道,“和谐的法律可以学到作为一个学习法律的和谐和音乐”。他听到讲座在1880年代的数学家查尔斯亨利在巴黎大学,他讨论了情感属性和象征意义的线条和颜色。仍然存在争议,亨利的想法是通过修。

色彩的语言

修了的心的颜色理论家的科学方法的概念画。他认为一个画家可以使用颜色来创造和谐和情感在艺术以同样的方式,一个音乐家使用对位法和变异来创建和谐的音乐。他推测,颜色就像任何其他的科学应用自然法则,他开车去证明这个猜想。他认为认知的知识和光学法可以用来创建一个新的基于自己的艺术语言启发式和他展现这种语言使用,强度和颜色模式。修拉称这语言Chromoluminarism.

在一封给作家莫里斯·波堡在1890年,他写道:“艺术是和谐。和谐是相反的类比和类似的元素的基调,色彩和线。的语气,对深色轻。颜色的互补,红绿、橙蓝色yellow-violet。,形成一个直角。框架在一个和谐,反对的音调,颜色和线条,这些方面被认为是根据他们的支配和影响下的光,在同性恋,冷静或悲伤的组合”

修的理论可以概括如下:快乐的情绪可以通过控制发光的色调,暖色的优势,通过使用直接向上。平静是通过一个等价/平衡使用光明和黑暗,温暖和寒冷的颜色的平衡,通过横向的线条。悲伤的实现是通过使用黑暗和冰冷的颜色和线条下行。

影响

辩证法的本质在哪里保罗塞尚的工作已经大大影响的高度表现主义的阶段proto-Cubism,在1908年至1910年之间,修拉的工作,奉承,更多的线性结构,将捕获的注意立体派艺术家从1911年开始。修拉在他几年的活动,有能力,与他的观察在辐照和对比的影响,重新创建没有任何指导传统,完成一个审美系统的新技术方法完全适应其表达式。

”随着单色立体主义的出现在1910 - 1911年,“艺术历史学家罗伯特·赫伯特写道,“问题的形式取代颜色艺术家的关注,对于这些修更相关。由于几个展览,他的油画和素描很容易出现在巴黎,和他的主要作品的复制品立体派艺术家之间广为流传。Chahut[博物馆米勒,Otterlo]被安德烈鲑鱼被称为最伟大的偶像之一的新奉献”,它和冰斗(杂技)、奥赛博物馆、巴黎、根据纪尧姆·阿波利奈尔,几乎属于合成立体派’。”

这个概念建立在法国艺术家,绘画可以用数学表达,在颜色和形式;这数学表达式导致了一个独立的和令人信服的“客观真实”,也许比客观事实对象的代表。

事实上,Neo-Impressionists已成功地建立一个客观科学依据在颜色领域(修地址这两个问题在马戏团和舞者)。很快,除却在域的形成和动态;俄耳甫斯主义也会与颜色。

biography

Family and education

Hugh was born on December 2, 1859, in Paris, France, on 60 Bondy Street (now reneya Street). Seurat's family moved to 136 Avenue magenta (now 110 Avenue magenta) in 1862 or 1863. 4] from his father, Anthony chrysostome, a former legal officer who worked on champagne, who became rich from speculative real estate, and his mother, ernestin's Deputy Prosecutor, from Paris. Emil Augustine, George has a brother and a sister, Marie Berthe, both old. His father lived in Le Raincy and visited his wife and children once a week on the purple Avenue.

George Sulan first studied art, sculpture and other patterns in municipaled. The Avenue near his home was in red, which was painted by sculptor Justin lequin. In 1878, he moved to the Academy of fine arts, where he studied Henry Lehmann, following the traditional academic training, from casting master sculptures to antiques and copying drawings. Seurat's research led to a well thought out contrast and fertile Theory: a theory that all his work went on after. His formal art education ended in November 1879, when he left the Academy of fine arts for a year in the military career.

A year after Brest military academy, he returned to Paris, where he shared a studio with his friends, aman Jean, 16, and rented a small apartment on the street of Chabrol. In the next two years, he was mastering the art of monochrome painting. He first exhibited work in salon 1883, where aman Jean drew drawings with crayons. He also studied Eugene Delacroix's careful note taking of colors.

Swimmers in the river

He spent 1883 in his first major painting of a large canvas entitled swimmer in a river tune, immortal works showing young people relaxing the Seine River in a working family on the outskirts of Paris. Despite the Impressionism that influenced its use of color and soft sound, the smoothness of painting, simplified textures and careful outlining, while sculpting figures, demonstrated his neoclassical continuing influence training; critic Paul Alexis described it as a "man-made puvis de notice". Hugh also left the Impressionist ideal preparation work with some drawings and oil sketches before his studio began On the canvas.

The swimmer turned down the Paris Salon in Hequ, while he became an independent artist in Groupe DES in May 1884. Soon, however, disappointed by the poor independent organization, Seurat and some other artists through the group - including he met Charles angrand, Henry. Edmund crossed, Albert Dubois pillet and Paul signac - set up a new organization, French des artist independence. Seurat's new idea of stippling had a particularly strong influence on signac, which was then painted in the same idiom.

It was a Sunday afternoon on the island

In the summer of 1884, it took him two years to finish a Sunday afternoon on the island.

The painting shows the participation of members of every social class in various park activities. Tiny color paint juxtapositions allow the viewer's eyes to blend color light, rather than the body's color, onto the canvas. He finished the 10 foot wide (3.0m) painting two years ago, and many of them spent sketching in the park in preparation (about 60 studies). The current permanent collection of the Chicago Institute of art

The large oil paintings that have been repaired for several studies include a smaller version. One Sunday afternoon on the study island was indeed (1884 - 1885). Now the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of art is in New York City.

The painting was inspired by music by James Lapine and Stephen Sondheim, Sunday and George in the park

Future career

Hugh conceals his work with Madeline Knobloch (or Madeline Knobloch, 1868 - 1868), an artist who portrays models in his painting another work, "young women se poudrant.". In 1889, she moved into Shura's studio on the 7th floor, 128 pairs of Clichy Boulevard

When Madeleine was pregnant, the couple moved to a studio on channel 39, de l'elysee-des-beaux-arts, Andre Anthony Street (now). She gave birth to their son, Pierre Georges, on February 16, 1890.

Sula spent the summer of 1890 on the coast of Gravelines. He painted four oil paintings, including the passage of Gravelines, Philip the small fort, and eight oil plates, and made some drawings.

death

Seurat died in Paris at the age of 31 at the home of his parents on March 29, 1891. The cause of his death is uncertain and has been attributed to a form of meningitis, pneumonia, infectious angina and diphtheria. His son died of the same disease two weeks later. His last ambitious job, the circus, was left unfinished by his death.

Saint Vincent de Paul Church, memorial service held on March 30, 1891. Hugh was buried together in cimetiere Du Pere Lachaise on March 31, 1891

At the time of Seurat's death, Madeleine was pregnant with a second child and died shortly after birth.

Color theory

Contemporary ideas

In the 19th century, Michel Eugene Chevreul, David Sutter of Ogden's Cross, etc., wrote papers on color, optical effects and perception. They adapted science to study the common people formed by Herman von Helmholtz and Isaac Newton. Artists follow the newly discovered perception with great interest.

Chevroul was perhaps the most influential artist of his time, and his great contribution was to produce the primary and middle tones of the wheel. Chevroul was a French chemist who restored the tapestry. During the restoration he noticed that the only way to restore a correct section was to take into account the effect of the loss of surrounding color on the wool; he could not produce the correct tone unless he realized the surrounding dye.