生活和事业

乔治•格出生Georg Ehrenfried Groß(德国: [ɡʀoː年代])在柏林,德国,酒吧老板的儿子。他的父母都是虔诚的路德教会。格中长大波美拉尼的的小镇Stolp(Słupsk),他的母亲成为当地的门将轻骑兵的军官父亲于1901年去世的敦促他的表弟,年轻的格开始参加每周的图画课教当地的画家叫洞穴。Grosz开发他的技能进一步通过细致的副本喝酒的场景爱德华·冯·Grutzner,通过虚构的战争场面。从1909年到1911年,他研究了德累斯顿美术学院,他的老师理查德•穆勒,罗伯特Sterl拉斐尔威尔,Osmar辛德勒.他后来的研究柏林工艺美术学院下埃米尔•奥尔利克

1914年11月Grosz自愿参加军事服务,希望通过从而预防征兵他将避免被派往前线。他住院后被排放鼻窦炎在1915年.1916年,他改变了乔治拼写他的名字格抗议德国民族主义对美国的一个浪漫的热情起源于早期阅读的书籍詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀,布雷特·哈特和卡尔可能,他保留了他的余生。他的艺术家朋友和合作者赫尔穆特•Herzfeld改变了他的名字约翰Heartfield在同一时间)。1917年1月他起草服务,但5月他作为永久不出院。

在1918年的最后几个月,格加入了Spartacist联盟,它被命名为德国共产党1918年12月(KPD)。他在被捕Spartakus起义1919年1月,但逃脱了使用假身份证件。1921年格被指控侮辱军队,导致了300年德国马克罚款和集合的破坏上帝与我们同在(“上帝与我们”),对德国社会的讽刺。在1928年出版后,他被起诉亵渎反圣职者的图纸,如描绘囚犯遭到部长呕吐手榴弹和武器上,另一个显示基督被迫服兵役。根据历史学家大卫·纳什Grosz”公开表示,他既不是基督徒,也不是和平,而是积极出于一种内在需要创建这些照片”,最终被判无罪后两个上诉。相比之下,在1942年时间杂志认为格是一个和平主义者。

1922年格罗希前往俄罗斯作家马丁·安徒生Nexø。在他们到达摩尔曼斯克他们短暂逮捕间谍;他们的凭证批准后他们被允许会见(Grigory季诺维耶夫,Anatoly Lunacharsky,列宁格的六个月呆在苏联离开了他对他所看见的。他于1923年加入KPD结束,虽然他的政治立场不变。

激烈地反Grosz前不久离开德国希特勒上台。1932年6月,他接受了邀请教的夏季学期纽约艺术学生联盟.1932年10月,Grosz回到德国,但1月12日,1933年,他和他的家人都移民到了美国。格成为了归化公民在1938年的美国,在安了家纽约贝。在1930年代他教的艺术学生联盟,他的一个学生Romare Bearden受他的风格拼贴画。他教的艺术学生联盟断断续续,直到1955年。

在美国,Grosz决心与他的过去一刀两断,改变了自己的风格和主题。他继续定期展览。1946年,他出版了他的自传,是的,没有。在1950年代,他开了一家私立艺术学校在家中也做艺术家在住所得梅因艺术中心。Grosz当选了国家设计学院作为一个副院士在1950年。1954年,他当选美国艺术学院和信件。虽然他有美国国籍,他决心回到柏林,1959年7月6日,他死于倒塌的影响一段楼梯后晚上喝酒。

作品

虽然格1912年首次油画虽然还是学生,今天他最早的油,可以确定日期从1916年。1914年,格工作风格的影响表现主义和未来主义,以及受欢迎的插图,涂鸦,孩子的画。大幅概述形式通常被当作透明的。城市(1916 - 17)是第一个他的许多画作的现代城市风光。其他例子包括爆炸(1917),《启示录》都市(1917)葬礼1918幅画描绘了一个疯狂的送葬队伍。

在他的画,通常用钢笔和墨水,他有时进一步开发与水彩,格创建的形象做了很多柏林和魏玛共和国在1920年代。肥胖的商人,受伤的士兵,妓女,性犯罪和放荡是他伟大的主题(例如,见适合现役)。他的制图术是优秀的虽然他最著名的作品采用故意原油的漫画形式。他的作品包括一些荒诞的作品,比如记住叔叔8月有纽扣缝制的不快乐的发明家,还包括大量的色情作品。

他在1933年移民到美国后,格”大幅拒绝了他以前的工作,和漫画。”代替他早期腐蚀城市的愿景,他现在传统裸体和许多画景观水彩作画。尖刻的作品,如该隐,或希特勒在地狱(1944),是例外。在他的自传中,他写道:“一个伟大的交易,已经成为德国冻结在我融化在美国和我重新发现了老渴望绘画。我小心翼翼地和故意破坏我的过去的一部分。”尽管明显的软化他的风格一直自1920年代末以来,格在美国的工作更伤感的基调,改变通常被视为下降。他已故的工作不会实现的关键成功柏林。

从1947年到1959年,乔治·格住在亨廷顿,纽约,他在亨廷顿镇教绘画艺术联盟。当地人表示,他使用的是什么成为他最著名的画,日食,支付汽车修理法案,在他相对贫穷。这幅画后来被油漆工汤姆君士坦丁解决104.00美元的债务。的Heckscher艺术博物馆在亨廷顿购买这幅画在1968年为15000美元,提高公众募捐的钱。是日食描绘了好战的武器制造商,这幅画成为抗议者的目的地的越南战争Heckscher公园(博物馆选址)在1960年代末和70年代初。

2006年,Heckscher提出销售日食在其早期鉴定的大约19000000美元来支付维修和翻新的大楼。有这样的公众抗议博物馆决定不出售,并宣布计划创建一个专门的空间显示翻修博物馆的这幅画

传统和遗产

乔治•格的艺术的影响新的客观性艺术家如海因里希·玛丽亚Davringhausen,安东拉德斯奇德特,Georg朔尔茨在美国,艺术家受到他的工作包括社会现实主义者本Shahn和威廉·格罗珀.

1960年,格被奥斯卡提名电影短片的主题乔治•格罗希的过渡期。他是小说为“Fritz Falke”亚瑟R.G. Solmssen的小说公主在柏林(1980)。2002年,演员凯文McKiddGrosz配角描绘成一个热切的艺术家寻求投资马克斯,对于阿道夫•希特勒的青年。

Grosz房地产在1995年提起诉讼反对曼哈顿画商哔叽Sabarsky,认为Sabarsky剥夺了适当补偿的房地产销售数百Grosz他收购工作。在提起诉讼州最高法院在曼哈顿,Grosz房地产声称Sabarsky秘密收购了440格为自己工作,主要是素描和水彩画产生在德国在1910年代和20年代在2006年夏天在诉讼解决。

2003年,格家庭发起的法律斗争现代艺术博物馆在纽约,要求三幅画被归还。文件显示,画卖给纳粹后格于1933年逃离了这个国家。博物馆没有解决索赔,认为三年诉讼时效在这样一个声称已经过期了。能够很好的证明,二战期间纳粹偷了成千上万的画作和许多继承人的德国画家继续对抗强大的博物馆回收等工作。

Life and career

Georg Eger was born Georg Ehrenfried gro Di, the son of a bar owner in Berlin, Germany. His parents are both devout Lutherans. In the small town of stolp (s ł upsk), where Ge Zhong grew up, his mother became an officer of the local goalkeeper light cavalry, and his father died in 1901, urging his cousin, the young Ge began to attend the weekly painting class to teach the local painter called cave. Grosz developed his skills further through detailed replicas of drinking scenes by Edward von grutzner, through fictional war scenes. From 1909 to 1911, he studied the Dresden Academy of fine arts. His teachers were Richard Muller, Robert sterl raphaelwell and OSMAR Schindler. Later, he studied Emir Orlik under the Berlin Academy of Arts and crafts

Grosz volunteered for military service in November 1914, hoping that by doing so he would avoid being sent to the front. He was discharged after being hospitalized with sinusitis in 1915. In 1916, he changed George's spelling of his name to protest against German nationalism. A romantic passion for the United States originated from early reading of the books James Fenimore Cooper, Brett Hart and Karl may have kept him for the rest of his life. His artist friend and collaborator Helmut Herzfeld changed his name John heartfield at the same time). In January 1917 he drafted services, but in May he was discharged as permanent.

In the last months of 1918, Georgia joined the Spartacist Union, which was named the German Communist Party in December 1918 (KPD). He was arrested during the spartakus uprising in January 1919, but escaped the use of false identity documents. In 1921 Ge was accused of insulting the army, resulting in a 300 year German mark fine and the collective destruction of God with us ("God with us"), a satire of German society. After his publication in 1928, he was charged with desecrating anti clergy drawings, such as drawings depicting prisoners being vomited by ministers on grenades and weapons, another showing Christ forced into military service. According to historian David Nash Grosz, "he is neither a Christian nor a peaceful man, but actively creates these photos for an internal need." two appeals came after he was acquitted. By contrast, in 1942 Time magazine considered Ge a pacifist.

In 1922, GROSCH went to Russian writer Martin Andersen, nex ø. After they arrived in Murmansk they briefly arrested the spies; after their credentials were approved they were allowed to meet (Grigory dinoviev, Anatoly Lunacharsky, leninger's six months in the Soviet Union left what he saw of him. His accession to KPD ended in 1923, although his political position remained unchanged.

Fiercely anti Grosz left Hitler in Germany shortly before taking office. In June 1932, he accepted the invitation to teach in the summer semester of New York Art Students Union. In October 1932, Grosz returned to Germany, but on January 12, 1933, he and his family emigrated to the United States. Ge became a naturalized citizen in 1938 in the United States, settling in New York Bay. In the 1930's he taught the art students union, and one of his students, Romare Bearden, received his style collage. He taught the art student union off and on until 1955.

In America, Grosz is determined to break with his past and change his style and theme. He continued to exhibit regularly. In 1946, he published his autobiography, yes, No. In the 1950s, he opened a private art school and worked as an artist at home at the Des Moines Art Center. Grosz was elected to the National Institute of design as an associate academician in 1950. In 1954, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and letters. Despite his American citizenship, he was determined to return to Berlin, where on July 6, 1959, he died of the impact of the fall of a flight of stairs after drinking at night.

works

Although GE's first oil painting in 1912 was still a student, today his earliest oil can be dated from 1916. In 1914, GE's working style influenced expressionism and futurism, as well as popular illustrations, graffiti, and children's paintings. A large overview form is often seen as transparent. The city (1916 - 17) is the first of many of his paintings of modern urban scenery. Other examples include the explosion (1917), the Apocalypse city (1917) funeral 1918 painting depicting a crazy funeral procession.

In his paintings, usually with pen and ink, he sometimes further developed the image with watercolor, which GE created to do a lot of Berlin and the Weimar Republic in the 1920s. Fat businessmen, wounded soldiers, prostitutes, sex crimes and debauchery are his great themes (see fit for active duty, for example). His cartography is excellent though his most famous works are in the form of deliberate crude oil caricatures. His works include absurd works, such as remembering the unhappy inventor whose uncle had buttons sewn in August, and a lot of pornography.

After he emigrated to the United States in 1933, Ge "substantially rejected his previous work, and cartoons." Instead of his early vision of corrupting the city, he now paints traditional nudes and many painting landscapes in watercolor. Sharp works, such as Cain, or Hitler in hell (1944), are the exception. In his autobiography, he wrote: "a great deal has become frozen in Germany as I melt in America and I rediscover the old desire for painting.". I carefully and deliberately destroy part of my past. " Although the apparent softening of his style has been since the late 1920s, GE's work in the United States has been more sentimental in tone, and change is often seen as a decline. The key success of his late work will not be achieved in Berlin.