传记

早期的生活

吉尔伯特斯图亚特出生于1755年12月3日Saunderstown,罗德岛,一个村庄北金斯敦,洗老纳拉甘塞特教堂1756年4月11日。他是吉尔伯特·斯图尔特的第三个孩子苏格兰移民的鼻烟——行业,伊丽莎白·安东尼·斯图尔特,著名的拥有土地家族的一员罗德岛州米德尔顿.斯图尔特的父亲在第一个殖民鼻烟轧机工作在美国,这是位于地下室的家庭住宅。

吉尔伯特斯图亚特搬到罗得岛新港在六岁时,他的父亲在商业领域工作。在新港,斯图尔特开始展示伟大的承诺作为一个画家。1770年,斯图尔特结识苏格兰艺术家Cosmo亚历山大,游客的殖民地的画像当地顾客,谁成为了斯图尔特的导师。亚历山大的指导下,斯图尔特画了著名的肖像亨特博士的猎犬时14岁,今天挂猎人家豪宅在新港。这幅画也称为博士猎人的狗一些账户。

与亚历山大·斯图尔特在1771年搬到苏格兰,完成他的研究;然而,亚历山大死于爱丁堡一年之后。斯图尔特试图维持生活和追求他的绘画生涯,无济于事,所以他在1773年回到纽波特。

英格兰和爱尔兰

斯图尔特的前景作为一个肖像画家受到的危害美国革命和它的社会混乱。斯图尔特启程前往英格兰1775年设定的例子约翰Singleton科普利.他起初不成功的追求他的职业,但是他后来成为门徒本杰明西他学习在接下来的六年。的关系是有益的,与斯图尔特展出皇家艺术学院早在1777年。

斯图尔特会见了成功,到1782年,很大程度上是由于赞誉的溜冰者威廉·格兰特的画像。斯图尔特的第一全身像,根据艺术历史学家玛格丽特·c·s .骤然加剧,它“掩盖普遍认为斯图尔特”做了一个可容忍的相似的一张脸,但正如图,他不能得到下面的第五个按钮“”。斯图尔特说,他是“突然取消了由单个画面”名声。

有一次,他的画的价格超过了只有那些著名的英国艺术家Joshua Reynolds和托马斯·庚斯博罗。然而,尽管他许多佣金,斯图尔特被习惯性地不负责任的财政,并被发送到的危险债务人监狱。在此期间,他娶了夏洛特科茨。1787年,他逃到都柏林爱尔兰,他画和累积的债务以同样的活力。

纽约和费城

斯图尔特结束了他18年呆在英国和爱尔兰1793年,留下了许多未完成的画。他回到美国,定居在纽约。1795年,他移居宾夕法尼亚州的日耳曼敦(现在附近的一部分)费城,他在那里开了一个工作室。正是在这里,他在艺术世界中站稳脚跟和持久的名声与许多重要的美国人一天的照片。

斯图尔特画乔治•华盛顿在一系列标志性的肖像,他们每个人进而副本的需求,并保持斯图尔特忙,高薪好多年了。最著名和庆祝这些相似性被称为雅典娜神庙,目前在美国一美元钞票。斯图尔特和他的女儿们,画共有130个阅览室的复制品。然而,他从未完成了原始版本,完成华盛顿的脸后,他保留了原始版本的副本。他的复制品出售高达70 100美元的价格,但最初的肖像是未完成的斯图尔特在1828年去世。共同购买的这幅画是美术的国家肖像画廊和博物馆,在1980年波士顿,并在国家肖像画廊展出在华盛顿,华盛顿在2014年晚些时候。

另一个著名的华盛顿的形象Lansdowne肖像的大幅照片挂在一个版本东厅的白宫。这幅画是保存在燃烧的华盛顿的英国军队1812年战争通过干预第一夫人多利·麦迪逊和保罗·詹宁斯总统之一詹姆斯·麦迪逊的奴隶。四个版本的肖像是归因于斯图尔特,和额外的副本被其他艺术家画显示美国政府大楼。1803年,斯图尔特开了一家工作室华盛顿特区。

波士顿,1805 - 1828

斯图尔特搬到德文郡街波士顿1805年,继续的一致好评和金融问题。他表现出本地工作道根的库和朱利安大厅他被其他艺术家寻求建议,如——贝瑟尔约翰特兰伯尔——,托马斯·萨伦伯格,华盛顿包括沃斯顿,约翰Vanderlyn.1824年,他遭受了一次中风,这让他部分瘫痪;然而,他继续画了两年,直到他死在波士顿7月9日,1828年,享年72岁。他被葬在了老南墓地的波士顿公园。斯图尔特离开他的家庭负债累累,和他的妻子和女儿无法购买墓地。因此,他被埋葬在一个无名墓地从本杰明霍德兰购买便宜的,当地的木匠

的波士顿Athenæum举行了好处展览他的作品在1828年8月,以提供金融援助斯图尔特的家人。超过250画像借给了这个广受好评,well-subscribed展览。这也标志着首次公开展示斯图尔特的未完成的1796 Athenæum华盛顿的头像。

斯图尔特的家人从金融危机中恢复大约十年之后,他们计划将他的身体的家族墓地罗得岛新港。然而,他们不能记住他的尸体的确切位置,它一动也不动。

遗产

年底他的职业生涯中,吉尔伯特斯图亚特的相似性了超过一千的美国政治和社会数据。他赞扬他的画像的活力和自然,和他的臣民发现他的公司的。约翰·亚当斯例如,说:

基本上,不喜欢的图片做了忏悔。你必须坐在约束和不自然的位置,这是一个审判的脾气。但我想坐斯图尔特从1月1号到去年12月,他请我,让我做,让我不断被他谈话逗乐了。

斯图尔特以没有草图的援助工作,开始直接在画布上。这是很不寻常的时期。他建议的方法是建议他给了他的学生马修·哈里斯Jouett:“永远保留的颜色,负载你的图片,但是保持你的颜色尽可能独立。没有混合,这毁灭清除& bea(u)tiful效应”。

斯图尔特的作品可以发现今天在艺术博物馆和私人收藏在美国和英国,包括大学俱乐部在纽约,大都会艺术博物馆在纽约,国家美术馆的艺术在华盛顿特区,国家肖像画廊在伦敦,美术博物馆在波士顿。

他的女儿简·斯图尔特(1812 - 1888)也是一个画家。她卖掉了他的许多画作,从她的工作室在波士顿和副本的罗得岛新港.

斯图尔特的面具是由生活约翰·亨利·艾萨克Browere1825左右。

1940年,美国邮局发出一系列的邮票被称为“著名的美国人系列“纪念著名艺术家、作家、发明家、科学家、诗人、教育家、和音乐家。吉尔伯特斯图亚特是艺术家发现1分钱问题类别,以及詹姆斯·麦克尼尔公司惠斯勒,奥古斯都圣。高登斯所,丹尼尔·切斯特法国,弗雷德里克·雷明顿.

今天,斯图尔特的出生地Saunderstown,罗德岛州对公众开放的吗吉尔伯特斯图亚特出生地和博物馆。博物馆由原来的房子,斯图尔特·出生在副本的绘画从整个房子挂在他的整个职业生涯。博物馆于1930年开放。

Gilbert Stuart was born on December 3, 1755 in saundertown, Rhode Island, a village in North Kingston, wash old Narragansett church April 11, 1756. He is the snuff of Scottish immigrants, Gilbert Stewart's third child - industry, Elizabeth Anthony Stewart, the father of Middleton Stewart, Rhode Island, a member of the famous land owning family, works in the United States in the first colonial snuff mill, which is a family house in the basement.

When Gilbert Stuart moved to Newport, Rhode Island, at the age of six, his father worked in business. In Newport, Stewart began to show great commitment as a painter. In 1770, Stewart met Scottish artist Cosmo Alexander, a portrait of a tourist colony of local customers, who became Stewart's mentor. Under Alexander's guidance, Stewart painted a famous portrait of Dr. hunter's hound when he was 14 years old. Today, the Hound is hung in a hunting house in Newport. This painting is also known as Dr. hunter's dog some accounts.

And Alexander Stewart moved to Scotland in 1771 to complete his research; however, Alexander died a year later in Edinburgh. Stewart's attempts to maintain his life and pursue his painting career were futile, so he returned to Newport in 1773.

England and Ireland

Stewart's prospects as a portrait painter were jeopardized by the American Revolution and its social chaos. Stewart set off for England in 1775 to set the example of John Singleton Copley. He initially failed to pursue his career, but he later became a disciple of Benjamin Xi who studied in the next six years. The relationship was beneficial, with Stewart exhibiting the Royal Academy of art as early as 1777.

Stewart met successfully by 1782, largely thanks to the acclaimed portrait of skater William Grant. Stewart's first full-length portrait, according to art historian Margaret C. Stewart said he was "abruptly removed by the single screen" reputation.

Once, his paintings were more expensive than only the famous British artists Joshua Reynolds and Thomas ginsborough. However, despite his many commissions, Stewart was habitually irresponsible financially and sent to the dangerous debtor's prison. In the meantime, he married Charlotte Coates. In 1787, he fled to Dublin Ireland, where he painted and accumulated debt with the same vigour.

New York and Philadelphia

Stewart ended his 18 years in England and Ireland in 1793, leaving many unfinished paintings. He returned to the United States and settled in New York. In 1795, he moved to Philadelphia, Germantown, Pennsylvania, where he opened a studio. It is here that he stands firmly in the art world and has a lasting reputation with many important American day photos.

Stewart painted a series of iconic portraits of George Washington, each of whom went on to copy the demand, and kept Stewart busy, well paid for many years. The most famous and celebrated of these similarities is the temple of Athena, which is currently in the United States on a dollar bill. Stuart and his daughters painted 130 copies of the reading room. However, he never finished the original version, and after finishing Washington's face, he kept a copy of the original version. His replica sold for as much as $70100, but the original portrait was unfinished and Stewart died in 1828. The jointly purchased painting is the National Portrait Gallery and Museum of fine arts, in Boston in 1980, and on display at the National Portrait Gallery in Washington, D.C., later in 2014.

A large photo of another famous Washington image, Lansdowne, hangs in a version of the East Hall of the White House. The painting is a slave of British troops preserved in burning Washington during the war of 1812 by intervening in first lady dolly Madison and one of President Paul Jennings, James Madison. Four versions of the portrait are attributed to Stewart, and additional copies are painted by other artists showing the US government building. In 1803, Stewart opened a studio in Washington, D.C.

Boston, 1805 - 1828

Stewart moved to Devonshire street in Boston in 1805, continuing the acclaim and financial issues. In 1824, he suffered a stroke, which paralyzed him; however, he continued to paint for two years until he died in Boston on July 9, 1828, at the age of 72. He was buried in Boston Park at the old South cemetery. Stewart left his family in debt, and his wife and daughter were unable to buy the cemetery. As a result, he was buried in an unnamed cemetery and bought cheap, local carpenters from Benjamin holdland

The Boston Athen æ um held a benefit exhibition of his work in August 1828 to provide financial assistance to Stewart's family. More than 250 portraits were lent to this well received, well subscribed exhibition. It also marks the first public display of Stewart's unfinished 1796 Athen æ um Washington.

About a decade after Stewart's family recovered from the financial crisis, they plan to put his body in a family cemetery in Newport, Rhode Island. However, they could not remember the exact location of his body, which did not move.