弗雷德里克·莱顿作品

 弗雷德里克·莱顿他以极其辉煌的艺术风格冲淡了雷诺兹，成为英国皇家学院派的代名词。与维多利亚时代的著名画家不同，身为画院院长的莱顿，不仅不是美术学院的学生，甚至不是在英国本土接受的教育。足迹所至，莱顿在布鲁塞尔、巴黎和法兰克福断断续续上学，并进行美术培训。

1830年12月3日弗雷德里克·莱顿出生英国约克郡史卡布洛的医生世家，却生长在跨海远隔的俄罗斯。祖父吉姆·莱顿爵士是沙皇亚历山大一世的皇宫医生，莱顿的父亲子承父业也作了沙皇的医生。尼古拉一世上台，莱顿一家离开俄国在欧洲游历寻找定居之所。欧洲各大名城的巡礼给予了年幼的弗雷德里克·莱顿一家唯一的后人充分的历史和文化知识。

莱顿的父亲是位古典艺术的爱好者，他对幼年的莱顿留下深刻的影响。莱顿9岁开始自己作画。10岁随父亲来到罗马，师从一位叫梅利的画家，在那里获得了绘画知识。13岁赴德国，曾在法兰克福美术学校学了一段时间，14岁又来到艺术之都佛罗伦萨，这些流动生活使莱顿扩大了艺术眼界。在佛罗伦萨偶遇美国雕刻家波沃尔斯，他看了莱顿的画对他父亲说，“自然”已经赋予了他。并告诉莱顿，“你将成为一个像我一样令人满意的杰出人物”。

莱顿在佛罗伦萨进了世界著名的佛罗伦萨美术学院学习，业余时攻习解剖。后来又转回法兰克福学校学习到17岁。他崇拜安格尔，复制过提香和柯勒乔的画。

1852年，22岁的他移居罗马进入了罗马美术学院进行正统的绘画学习，并开始了独立的艺术创作。这一年他创作了场面宏大、气魄雄伟的历史题材的作品《契玛布埃小姐护送的行列通过佛罗伦萨大街》（又译《圣列的行进》）一画，显示了他的气质和才华。

1855年，莱顿返回他从未到过的故乡—英国，《圣列的行进》在皇家美术学院的画展上展出获得了成功。评论界从那时开始就一直是他的朋友，给予了他极高的推崇。令画家更为高兴的是，这幅画不久竟被维多利亚女王购买，他本人则有幸晋见了女王。这时的他已成为英国画坛上当之无愧的后起之秀。从此，这位年轻画家一跃登上大英帝国的画坛。

在罗马，他认识了在罗马研究艺术的英国画家布朗、小说家、诗人丁尼生。他们发现这个小伙子身上有着出众的艺术天分，“似乎有桂冠样的光芒在这个叫莱顿的年轻人额角上闪烁……有朝一日他一定会坐上皇家美术学院院长的位置”，回到英国后他们对当时名盖英国的米雷说。

1859年29岁的莱顿定居伦敦，效忠英国女王。

1868年莱顿展出自己的学位作品《圣哲罗姆在沙漠里》，获得了美术学院院士称号。

1878年11月13日莱顿接任去世的格兰特任美术学院院长，人们一致公认他的学识、气质、能力和责任感，这些都表明他是出色的领袖人物，能掌握这一高等学位的权力。他在那个时代可称得上是一个完美的人，博得所有人的拥护。年轻时曾周游欧洲，并在法兰克福、罗马和巴黎求学。

1868年入选英国皇家学院院士，1878年担任皇家美术学院院长。

莱顿晚年疾病缠身，但仍不停创作。他的艺术获得了崇高的荣誉，1886年莱顿56岁时，英国女王把他列为英国贵族，是英国唯一的以画家身份而著名的男爵，号为斯特雷顿莱顿男爵。莱顿于授爵位第二天去世，是英国史上得到爵位时间最短的人。他的遗嘱是：“把我的爱献给学院。”

莱顿作品

 莱顿绘制过大量表现古典女性人物美貌与风采的作品。其作品的题材大多来自圣经和古典神话。

莱顿在绘画中对形式、结构，线条与色彩无不追求完美与精致，典雅与高贵。主要作品有《代达罗斯与伊卡洛斯》(1869)、《音乐课》(1877)、《沐浴的普绪客》(1890)、《珀尔塞福涅的归来》(1891)《炙热的六月》(1895)等。

《炙热的六月》

《炙热的六月》的模特Dorothy Dene自十九世纪80年代中期之后成为莱顿许多作品的灵感来源。独特的视角，加上模特身体优美的弯曲（拉斐尔的许多作品因此而成功，评论家把这称为女性身体的韵律）使这幅画与众不同。艳丽的色彩也使这幅作品格外抢眼。关于这幅画还有一则趣闻，1960年的画坛排斥维多利亚时期的学院派风格，这幅画标价低达$140，却还降价被波多黎各的彭塞美术馆Museo de Arte de Ponce, Ponce, Puerto Rico收购，现在还在那里存放。

《伊卡洛斯和代达罗斯》

油画《伊卡洛斯和代达罗斯》充满了怀旧情调，我们可以从中看到父亲对儿子的温情。代达罗斯（Daedalus）是一位建筑师，曾在克里特岛设计人头牛身兽的迷宫。他不愿意在这个孤岛上度过一生，千方百计设法逃走。久经考虑后，他高兴地说，米诺斯国王虽然可以从陆上和水上封住我的去路，但在空中我是畅通无阻的。他开始收集整理大大小小的羽毛，把最小最短的羽毛拼成长毛，看上去像天生的一般。他把羽毛用麻线在中间捆住，在末端用蜡封牢。最后，他还把羽毛微微弯曲，看起来完全像鸟翼一样。代达罗斯有一个儿子叫伊卡洛斯（Icarus）。这孩子喜欢站在他的身旁，用一双小手帮父亲劳动。父亲听凭他在一旁随意地摆弄羽毛，微笑地看着他的笨拙的动作。终于一切都完成了。

代达罗斯把翅膀缚在身上试了试。他像鸟一样飞了起来，轻轻地升上云天，然后重新降落下来。他又指教儿子伊卡洛斯如何操纵。他已给他做了一对小羽翼。“你要当心，”他叮嘱道，“必须在半空中飞行。如果飞得太低，羽翼会碰到海水，沾湿了会变得沉重，你就会被拽落到大海里；要是飞得太高，太阳会将翅膀上的封蜡化掉。”代达罗斯一边说，一边把羽翼给儿子缚在他的双肩上，但他的手却在微微地发抖。最后，他拥抱着儿子，还给了他一个鼓励的吻。

两个人鼓起翅膀渐渐地升上了天空。父亲飞在前头，他像带着初次出巢的雏鸟飞行的老鸟一样，小心地扇着翅膀，不时地回过头来，看儿子飞行得怎样。开始时一切都很顺利。不久他们就到达萨玛岛上空，随后又飞过了提洛斯和培罗斯。伊卡洛斯兴高采烈，他感到飞行很轻快，不由得骄傲起来。于是，他操纵着羽翼朝高空飞去，可是惩罚也终于降临了！太阳强烈的阳光融化了封蜡，用蜡封在一起的羽毛开始松动。伊卡洛斯还没有发现，羽翼已经完全散开，从他的双肩上滚落下去。不幸的孩子只得用两手在空中绝望地划动，可是他浮不起来，一头栽落下去，最后掉在汪洋大海中，万顷碧波把他淹没了。

这一切发生得很突然，瞬间便结束了，代达罗斯根本没有觉察到。当他再次回过头来时，没有看见他的儿子。“伊卡洛斯，伊卡洛斯！”他预感不妙，大声呼喊起来，“你在哪里？我到哪里才能找到你？”最后，他惊恐地朝下面瞅了一眼。他看到海面上漂着许多羽毛。代达罗斯连忙收住羽翼，降落在一座海岛上，将羽翼放在一边，他张大眼睛，满怀希望地寻找着。一会儿，汹涌的海浪把他儿子的尸体推上了海岸。绝望的父亲掩埋了儿子的尸体，飞往西西里。为纪念这个孩子，从此，埋葬伊卡洛斯尸体的海岛被叫做伊卡利亚。

《音乐课》

《音乐课》Music Lesson ，作于1877年，布上油画92.8×118.1 cm。 这可以算得上是雷顿的最著名的代表作之一。家庭女教师正在手把手教授女孩弹奏曼陀铃。莱顿以学院派极其严谨的态度描绘了音乐课的情景。女教师微微俯身帮助女孩调试琴弦，女孩则依在女教师胸前弹拨着六弦琴。

这只是一幕普通的音乐课情景，却被画家描绘得极富美感韵味。女教师面庞秀美清丽，身着长裙，花纹、质地被画家描绘得十分逼真；小女孩则被描绘得天真烂漫，纯真无邪，表情认真，显得十分可爱。衣服、面部及背景的描绘，都体现出学院派画风。图中的衣着与陈设都不是古典的，而且属于当时流行的表现现世的风俗画。绘画采用了金字塔构图，显得沉稳扎实。雷顿在对衣褶的处理上十分得当，用连续的明暗调子和高光表现了丝绸面料的自然顺滑，不会显得生硬突兀。

莱顿作品

 莱顿去世后，诗人史文朋（Algernon Swinburne）为他写下这样的挽歌：

A light has passed that never shall pass away

A sun has set whose rays are unequalled in might

但莱顿谢世以后，他的名声马上一落千丈，因为那时，绘画界正开始重大变革。 他生前的辉煌和死后的凄凉完全是他学院派的绘画趣味决定的，他坚持使用褐色（为提香首创），精确的透视法，为构图而构图。莱顿从小热衷于古代神话圣经的题材，追求恬静、和谐、典雅的样式。

1858年，莱顿曾参加过拉斐尔前派运动，但终因受古代艺术影响太深而走向学院派新古典主义的路上去。在担任“宫廷画师”期间，他为迎合上层趣味，弥补英国美术中匮乏的高雅、精炼趣味，画风日趋甜美、抒情，柔和的造型、饱满的色彩、细腻的刻画常使所描绘的形象具有欢愉、轻盈的气质。但后来又在此特征上略带羞涩、倦愁之感伤情调。画《仙女普赛克的沐浴》正是莱顿这种最后画风的写照，细致入微地描绘了裸体女性的沐浴，表现出妩媚的体态和倦息愁恩的情调。

1878年他曾出任英园皇家美术学院院长，因此，他的画风对英国画坛有很大影响。

 Frederic Leighton (1830-1896), also translated by Frederic Leighton, is the most famous painter of the 19th century aestheticism in Britain and enjoys a high reputation in the history of British painting.

Frederick Leighton diluted Reynolds with his brilliant artistic style and became a synonym of the Royal College School of England. Unlike the famous painters of the Victorian era, Leighton, the dean of the Academy of Painting, was not only a student of the Academy of Fine Arts, but also an education in the British mainland. As a result, Leiden went to school intermittently in Brussels, Paris and Frankfurt, and trained in fine arts.

Frederick Leighton was born in Scarborough, Yorkshire, England on December 3, 1830, but grew up in Russia across the sea. Sir Jim Leighton, his grandfather, was the palace doctor of Czar Alexander I, and Leighton's father and son were also Czar's doctors. Nikolai was on stage all over the world. The Leightons left Russia and traveled in Europe in search of settlements. The tour of the famous cities in Europe gave the young Frederick Leighton's only descendants sufficient historical and cultural knowledge.

Leighton's father is a classical art lover, and he left a deep influence on the young Leighton. Leighton started painting by himself at the age of nine. At the age of 10, he came to Rome with his father. He learned painting from a painter named Merry. At the age of 13, he went to Germany, studied at the Frankfurt School of Fine Arts for a period of time, and at the age of 14, came to Florence, the capital of art. These mobile lives broadened Leiden's artistic horizon. When he met American sculptor Bowers in Florence, he looked at Leighton's paintings and said to his father, "Nature" had given him. And tell Leyton, "You're going to be an outstanding person who's as satisfying as I am."

Leighton joined the world-famous Florence Academy of Fine Arts in Florence to study anatomy in his spare time. Later, he returned to Frankfurt School to study until he was 17 years old. He worshipped Angle and copied Titian and Coleridge's paintings.

In 1852, at the age of 22, he emigrated to Rome to study orthodox painting at the Roman Academy of Fine Arts and began independent artistic creation. This year, he created a magnificent and magnificent historical work, Miss Chimaboue escorted the procession through Florence Street, which shows his temperament and talent.

In 1855, Leighton returned to his homeland, England, where he had never been before. The March of the Holy Line was successfully exhibited at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts exhibition. Since then, the critics have been his friends and have given him high praise. To the artist's greater delight, the painting was bought by Queen Victoria shortly after, and he had the privilege of meeting the Queen himself. At that time, he has become a well-deserved rising star in the British painting world. From then on, the young painter jumped onto the British Empire.

In Rome, he met the British painter Brown, novelist and poet Tennyson who studied art in Rome. They found that the young man had an outstanding artistic talent. "There seems to be a laurel-like light shining on the forehead of this young man named Leighton... Someday he will be the dean of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, "they told Miley, who was then named Britain, when he returned to Britain.

Leighton, 29 years old, settled in London in 1859 and was loyal to the Queen of England.

In 1868, Leiden exhibited his degree work Saint Jerome in the Desert, which won the title of Academician of Fine Arts.

On November 13, 1878, Leighton succeeded Grant, who died as Dean of the Academy of Fine Arts. People unanimously recognized his knowledge, temperament, ability and sense of responsibility, which showed that he was an outstanding leader and could grasp the power of this higher degree. He was a perfect man at that time and won the support of all. When he was young, he traveled around Europe and studied in Frankfurt, Rome and Paris.

He was elected to the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in 1868 and served as president of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in 1878.

Leighton suffered from illness in his later years, but he continued to write. In 1886, when Leighton was 56 years old, the Queen of England listed him as an English aristocrat. He was the only Baron known as Baron Stryton Leighton in England as a painter. Leighton died the next day after the title was awarded. He was the shortest person in British history to win the title. His will is: "Give my love to the college."