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秘戏图起源很早，《汉书》中"坐画屋为男女裸交合，置酒请诸父姐妹饮，令仰视画。"，其中所述男女裸交合画，就是后日的春宫图。东汉张衡在所作《同声歌》一诗中有诗句:"衣解金粉御，列图陈枕张;素女为我师，仪态盈万方"，其中用作样板的图乃是春宫图，"素女"指房中术《素女经》。将春宫画与小姐观看的习惯，在中国古典文学中也有描写。唐代诗人白行简《天地阴阳交欢大乐赋》就说到《素女经》画册。清代李渔《肉蒲团》中的未央生，为了陶养一位如泥朔木雕、毫无生趣的绝色女子，"到书画铺买幅绝精绝巧的春宫册子，是本朝学士赵子昂的手笔，共有三十六套，唐诗上三十六宫都是春色的意思，拿去放在闺阁之中，好与玉香小姐共同翻阅。"可见在中国古代，春宫图的作用之一是作为进行性教育的媒介。除此以外，春宫图还作为"避火图"、"护书"和"嫁妆画"在民间大量流行。明、清两代，天津杨柳青等地的一些妇女每年春节前将春宫画当做年画销售，这就是有名的"女儿春"。

明代

明代画家仇英曾画有一套称为《十荣》的春宫图，已不存。画家唐伯虎的春宫画很有名，传世的临摹本有《退食闲宴》、《竞春图卷》、《花阵六奇》。明代流行以唐伯虎等画家所作春宫图为蓝本的各种临摹本，最有名的包括《花营锦阵》、《风流绝畅》、《鸳鸯秘谱》、《风月机关》、《青楼剟景》、《胜蓬莱》等。因为春宫画主要用于闺阁之内，春宫画没有挂轴，而以绢制手卷或画册形式流行。

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  避火

据了解，古代人常常在书中或者书柜里放置春宫图画，或者将春宫图悬、贴于室内，其目的据说是为了"避火"。如明代着名书画家徐渭在其着作《路史》中说:有士人藏书甚多，每柜必置春画一册。人问之，曰:聚书多惹火，此物可厌火灾也。再如现代学者余世存在其着作《非常道》中记载，清代学者叶德辉在他的书籍中往往夹入春宫图画，并曰"避火"。

那么春宫图怎么能起到"避火"的作用呢?原来神话传说中， "火神"是一位美女，地位很是尊贵，但有时脾气很是暴躁，有几十个个丫鬟服侍，后因犯了罪，被玉皇大帝贬为灶下神。美女火神平时喜着淡黄色衣服，可是一旦发怒就会改穿火红衣服，容易引起火灾。于是人们就利用这些春宫图，当"火神"见到这些令人面红耳赤的图画时，就会羞赧难当而离去，因此也就避免了火灾的发生。

折叠嫁妆

春宫图作为一种"嫁妆画"是性教育的一种形式。古人性知识匮乏，许多少男少女到了结婚的年龄还不知道"性"是何物。因此，就有好多父母在女儿出嫁之前买上几卷春宫画作为嫁妆，由女儿结婚当日带到丈夫家，到了晚上，小夫妻就可以按照图画，照葫芦画瓢般的做了。同时这也寓含了父母们的"祈子"之意。

折叠门画

据说，天津杨柳青一带，在明清时期，当地的许多妇女把"春宫图"当作年画在集市上公开出售，并且销量不菲。

"杨柳青"是文化名镇，其民间艺术非常丰富，曾出现"家家会点染，户户善丹青"的兴旺景象。当时有些贫困家的妇女，为了挣钱，到过年的时候，在家里画一些"春宫画"拿到街上去卖，没想到还挺受欢迎。于是那里过年贴"春画"也就司空见惯了。人们之所以把春宫图作为门画来使用，或许是源于生殖崇拜，或许他们赋予了这些图画以"神性"，用之可以辟邪、避祸。

据荷兰汉学家高罗佩考证，这种过年贴"春宫门画"的现象直到建国后才消失。

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  中国的春宫画可以追溯到先秦墓葬，汉砖也有大量表现。有关史料记载，这种“压箱底儿”的东西最初为了进行性教育而设。古老的封建礼教并没有给进入青春期的男女进行过应

有的性教育，以至于出现了性无知。在《聊斋》一书中，蒲松龄笔下有一个书痴，叫郎玉柱，他嗜书如命，“家苦贫，无物不鬻，惟父藏书，一卷不忍置”。“昼夜研读，无间寒暑”。然而都三十多岁了，还没有老婆。有人劝他找个媳妇，他说：“‘书中自有颜如玉’，我何忧无美妻乎？”其精诚所至，“绝代之姝”颜如玉真的出现，并与他一齐睡觉。“枕席间亲爱倍至，而不知为人”，用白话来说，就是两人亲爱非常，却不懂得进行性交。如此过了许久，郎一夜谓女曰：“凡人男女同居则生子；今与卿居久，何不然也？”女笑曰：“君日读书，妾固谓无益。今即夫妇一章，尚未了悟，枕席二字有工夫。”郎惊问：“何工夫？”女笑不言。少间潜迎就之。也就是说，颜如玉教导郎玉柱如何性交。郎乐极曰：“我不意夫妇之乐，有不可言传者。”于是逢人就说，听了的没有不暗笑的。

如果我们仅仅认为蒲松龄先生是在借助郎玉柱的经历讥讽书呆子，那就大错特错了。性无知的情况历来并不缺少，直到目下，也有这种性盲的情况出现。1988年出版的由著名学者徐纪敏主编的《性科学》一书的绪论中，有这样一段话：“我们遇到一位某医学院药学系毕业的女大学生，她竟不知什么是性交，还以为和男性握手、拥抱就可能导致怀孕。”

相信这种尴尬事儿并非只是特例，因此，进行春宫教育似乎显得很是重要了。而图画因其形式更易明了而受到普遍欢迎。春宫画在与平民有了更广泛的沟通后，渐渐达到艺术的高度。明代大画家唐寅、仇英亦技痒难禁，创作过很精致、艺术性很高的春宫画。

荷兰学者高罗佩在《秘戏图考》中考证，晚明社会春宫画册非常流行，品种风格各异，而以五色套印的木版春宫画册最为精美。这类画册装裱非常讲究，以二十四幅的册页居多，画面之外皆配以色情诗词。《秘戏图考》记载了高氏见过的八种画册，即《胜蓬莱》、《风流绝畅》、《花营锦阵》、《风月机关》、《鸳鸯秘谱》、《青楼剟景》、《繁华丽锦》、《江南消夏》，它们大多产生于从隆庆到崇祯的近八十年里，而成就最高的精品，制作于万历天启的二三十年间。这是套色木版春宫画的全盛期，画面纯以线描，气韵生动，清新脱俗，分别用红黄绿蓝黑五种颜色套印起来，严丝合缝毫不走样，给人以明洁流畅之感。可以说，它不仅是春宫画册中的佼佼者，也代表着中国传统的套色木版画的最高成就。

清代坊间也刊行过大量的春宫画册，但艺术质量与此不可同日而语，趣味低俗，制作亦远为粗糙。这种精粗雅俗的区别，与士人参与程度的深浅以及画家对性行为的认识和态度有很大关系。

难道同样的一群人经历了相邻的两个王朝便在性取向方面有了这么大的差别？文人士大夫们一下子变得正经起来了？事实上，朝廷的干预才是这种变化产生的根本原因。

王利器在《元明清三代禁毁小说戏曲史料》中清晰地记载了康熙大帝对色情文艺的态度——

朕惟治天下以人心风俗为本，欲正人心，厚风俗，必崇尚经学而严绝非圣之书，此不易之理也。近见坊间多卖小说淫词，荒唐俚鄙，殊非正理；不但诱惑愚民，即缙绅士子，未免游目而蛊心焉，所关于风俗者非细。应即通行严禁。

康熙五十三年(公元1714年)上谕

康熙还要求众臣讨论拟定实施办法。结果拟出并得到批准的具体办法如下：

凡坊肆市卖一应小说淫词，在内交与八旗都统、都察院、顺天府，在外交与督抚，转行所属文武官弁，严查禁绝，将版与书一并尽行销毁。如仍行造作刻印者，系官革职，军民杖一百，流三千里；市卖者杖一百，徒三年；该管官不行查出者，初次罚俸六个月，二次罚俸一年，三次降一级调用。

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 The Chungong painting refers to a painting with the theme of sexual intercourse, also known as the secret play painting or Chungong painting, and is called "Chunhua" in Japan. Spring Palace paintings have a very early origin. According to the research of the Dutch sinologist Groppe, in the Book of Han, "sitting in the painting room is the naked handover of men and women, and buying wine to invite fathers and sisters to drink, so that you can look up at the paintings.

Due to its long history, the Spring Palace paintings of the Han and Tang dynasties no longer exist, and the Song Dynasty's "Spring Lantern Secret Opera Painting" and the Yuan Dynasty painter Zhao Ziang's 36 and 12 Spring Palace paintings also do not exist. Most of the surviving works are from the Ming and Qing dynasties. The earliest existing trunk bottom painting is the work of the Japanese painter Zhu Jiqing En who painted since the 9th century in the Heian Dynasty of Japan.

The origin of the secret opera picture is very early. In the Book of Han, "sitting in the painting room is a naked intercourse between men and women, and buying wine to invite fathers and sisters to drink, so that they can look up at the picture." The picture of naked intercourse between men and women mentioned in it is the picture of the Spring Palace later. Zhang Heng in the Eastern Han Dynasty wrote a poem called "The Song of One Voice", which reads: "The clothes of the King of Gold and Powder, and the pictures of the pillow; the simple women are my teachers, and their appearance is rich." Among them, the picture used as a model is the picture of the Spring Palace, and "the simple women" refers to the Taoist sexual practices Sutra of the Simple Women. The habit of viewing Spring Palace paintings with young ladies is also described in classical Chinese literature. Bai Xingjian, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, talked about the painting album of "The Sutra of Pure Women" in his "Ode to the Joy of Making Love between Heaven and Earth". In Li Yu's "Meat Putuan" in the Qing Dynasty, Wei Yangsheng, in order to raise a stunning woman who was as lifeless as mud and wood carvings, "went to a calligraphy and painting shop to buy an exquisite and exquisite Spring Palace booklet. It was written by Zhao Ziang, a scholar of our dynasty, and has 36 sets. In Tang poetry, the 36 palaces all mean spring, so they can be placed in a boudoir for reading with Miss Yuxiang." This can be seen in ancient China, One of the functions of the spring palace chart is to serve as a medium for sex education. In addition, the Spring Palace painting is also widely popular among the people as a "fire avoiding painting", "book protection painting", and "dowry painting". During the Ming and Qing dynasties, some women in places such as Yangliuqing in Tianjin sold Spring Palace paintings as New Year paintings every year before the Spring Festival, which is known as "Daughter Spring".

the Ming dynasty

Ming Dynasty painter Qiu Ying once painted a set of spring palace paintings called "Ten Glories", which no longer exist. Painter Tang Bohu's Spring Palace paintings are very famous, with copies passed down from generation to generation including "Returning to Food and Leisure Banquet", "Competing Spring Scroll", and "Six Wonders of Flower Formation". During the Ming Dynasty, various imitations based on the Spring Palace paintings by painters such as Tang Bohu were popular, including the most famous ones such as "Flower Camp Brocade Formation", "Wind Flowing Absolutely Smooth", "Secret Manual of Mandarin Ducks", "Wind and Moon Mechanism", "Scenery of Blue Mansions", "Sheng Penglai", etc. Because spring palace paintings are mainly used in boudoirs, they do not have hanging scrolls and are popular in the form of silk scrolls or picture albums. Avoiding fire

It is understood that ancient people often placed Spring Palace pictures in books or bookcases, or hung and pasted them indoors, with the aim of "avoiding fire". As Xu Wei, a famous calligrapher and painter of the Ming Dynasty, said in his work "History of the Road": Some scholars have a large collection of books, and each cabinet must have a spring painting volume. People ask and say, 'Gathering books can cause a lot of trouble, but this thing is not worth a fire.'. Another example is that Yu Shixian, a modern scholar, recorded in his book The Unusual Way that Ye Dehui, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, often included pictures of the Spring Palace in his books and said, "Avoid fire.".

So how can the Spring Palace map play a role in "avoiding fire"? In the original myth and legend, the "Fire God" was a beautiful woman with a high status, but sometimes she had a very irritable temper and had dozens of servant girls serving her. Later, due to committing a crime, she was demoted to the Kitchen God by the Jade Emperor. The beautiful Fire God usually likes light yellow clothes, but once she gets angry, she will change to fiery red clothes, which can easily cause a fire. So people used these spring palace pictures, and when the "Fire God" saw these blushing pictures, they would feel embarrassed and leave, thus avoiding the occurrence of a fire.

Fold dowry

The Spring Palace painting, as a form of "dowry painting," is a form of sex education. The ancients lacked knowledge about sex, and many young men and girls did not know what "sex" was at the age of marriage. Therefore, many parents buy a few rolls of spring palace paintings as a dowry before their daughter gets married, and take them to their husband's house on the day of their daughter's wedding. In the evening, the young couple can follow the pictures and do them like gourds and ladles. At the same time, this also implies the meaning of "praying for children" from parents.

Folding Door Painting

It is said that in the Yangliuqing area of Tianjin, during the Ming and Qing dynasties, many local women publicly sold the "Spring Palace Picture" as a New Year picture in the market, and the sales were not high.

"Yangliuqing" is a famous cultural town, and its Folk art is very rich. There was a prosperous scene of "every household can spot dye, and every household is good at painting". At that time, some women from poor families, in order to earn money, drew some "Spring Palace paintings" at home during the Chinese New Year and sold them on the street. Unexpectedly, they were still quite popular. So it became common to stick "spring paintings" during the Chinese New Year there. The reason why people use the Spring Palace painting as a door painting may be due to the worship of reproduction, or they have endowed these paintings with "divinity", which can be used to ward off evil and avoid disasters.

According to Dutch sinologist Gao Luopei, this phenomenon of pasting "Spring Palace Gate Paintings" during the Chinese New Year did not disappear until after the founding of the People's Republic of China. Chinese Spring Palace paintings can be traced back to pre Qin tombs, and Han bricks are also extensively depicted. According to historical records, this "pressure box bottom" thing was originally designed for sex education. The ancient feudal ethics did not cater to men and women entering puberty

Some sex education has led to sexual ignorance. In the book "Liaozhai", Pu Songling wrote about a bookworm named Lang Yuzhu, who was obsessed with books as much as his life. "His family was poor and he sold everything, but his father kept books and couldn't bear to keep them. Day and night study, endless cold and heat. However, they are all in their thirties and still have no wife. Someone advised him to find a daughter-in-law, and he said, 'There is a beauty like jade in the book. Why should I worry about a beautiful wife?' With all his sincerity, Yan Ruyu, the 'peerless beauty', appeared and slept with him. In colloquial terms, 'I love you twice as much as I do between the pillows, but I don't know who you are' means that two people are very dear but don't know how to have sexual intercourse. After a long time, Lang Yiyi called the woman and said, "If a man or woman cohabits, they will give birth to a child. If we stay with the Qing for a long time now, why not?" The woman smiled and said, "If you study for a long time, my concubine will be useless. Today is the chapter of a couple, and I have not yet realized it. There is time for the two characters of the pillow." Lang exclaimed, "What time is it?" The woman smiled and said nothing. Take a few moments to sneak in and welcome it. That is to say, Yan Ruyu teaches Lang Yuzhu how to have sexual intercourse. Lang Leji said, "I don't like the pleasure of a couple. There are things that cannot be explained." So he said to everyone, and everyone who listened to him chuckled.

If we only believe that Mr. Pu Songling is using Lang Yuzhu's experience to ridicule bookworms, then we are completely wrong. The situation of sexual ignorance has never been lacking, until now, there are also cases of sexual blindness. In the introduction to the book "Sexual Science" edited by renowned scholar Xu Jimin, published in 1988, there is a passage: "We met a female college student who graduated from a pharmacy department at a certain medical school and didn't know what sexual intercourse was. She thought shaking hands and hugging a man might lead to pregnancy

I believe this embarrassing situation is not just an exception, therefore, conducting spring palace education seems to be very important. And pictures are generally popular because their form is easier to understand. After having a wider communication with the common people, Spring Palace painting gradually reached the height of art. The great painters of the Ming Dynasty, Tang Yin and Qiu Ying, were also skilled and had created exquisite and highly artistic Spring Palace paintings.

Dutch scholar Gao Luopei verified in his "Secret Drama Picture Examination" that the Spring Palace Album in the late Ming Dynasty was very popular, with various styles and varieties, and the woodblock Spring Palace Album printed in five colors was the most exquisite. The mounting of this type of album is very meticulous, with a majority of 24 pages, all of which are accompanied by erotic poetry. The "Secret Drama Picture Examination" records eight types of art albums that Gao Shi has seen, namely "Sheng Penglai", "Feng Liu Jue Chang", "Flower Camp Brocade Formation", "Feng Yue Mechanism", "Yuan Yang Mi Pu", "Qinglou Jing", "Prosperous Lijin", and "Jiangnan Xiaoxia". Most of them were produced in the nearly 80 years from Longqing to Chongzhen, and the highest achievements were made during the 20-30 years of Wanli Tianqi. This is the heyday of chromatic woodblock spring palace painting, with pure line drawing, vivid and fresh, and free from vulgarity. It is overprinted in five colors: red, yellow, green, blue, and black, seamlessly fitting without distortion, giving people a sense of clarity and smoothness. It can be said that it is not only an outstanding figure in the Spring Palace album, but also represents the highest achievement of traditional Chinese color matching woodblock painting.

During the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Spring Palace art albums were also published in the public, but the artistic quality was incomparable, with low taste and rough production. This distinction between refinement, coarseness, elegance, and vulgarity is closely related to the level of participation of scholars and the painter's understanding and attitude towards sexual behavior.

Did the same group of people experience such a significant difference in sexual orientation between adjacent dynasties? Did the literati and doctors suddenly become serious? In fact, the intervention of the court was the fundamental reason for this change.

Wang Lizhi clearly recorded the attitude of Emperor Kangxi towards pornographic literature and art in his "Historical Materials on Prohibited Novels and Dramas of the Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties"——

I only govern the world based on people's hearts and customs. If we want to correct people's hearts and cultivate customs, we must uphold the study of scriptures and be strict, which is not a holy book. This is not an easy principle. Recently, I have seen that many novels and obscene words are sold in the public, which is absurd, vulgar, and far from legitimate; Not only did it tempt the foolish, that is, the gentry and scholars, but it was also tempting to deceive their minds, and the customs involved were not detailed. Immediate passage is strictly prohibited.

In the 53rd year of the Kangxi reign (1714 AD), the imperial edict was issued

Kangxi also requested the ministers to discuss and formulate implementation measures. The specific methods proposed and approved for the results are as follows:

Fanfangsi City sold pornographic novels and submitted them to the Eight Banners Metropolitan Government, the Procuratorate, and the Shuntian Prefecture. In terms of diplomacy and supervision, they switched to civilian and military positions under their jurisdiction, strictly investigated and banned them, and destroyed the editions and books together. If one still carries out the act of carving, the official will be dismissed, and the military and civilian staff will flow for three thousand miles; A seller's staff of one hundred, for three years; If the officer cannot be identified, the initial salary will be fined six months, the second salary will be fined one year, and the third salary will be demoted to a higher level.