周文矩美风度，学丹青颇具精思，升元(937-942)中奉命在宫廷作《南庄图》，精备之至。后主李煜时任翰林待诏。工画人物、冕服、车器，尤擅仕女，多以宫廷贵族生活为题材，兼精车马、楼观，画风近于周昉，但其纤丽过之，画衣纹多作颤笔，独创“战笔”描法；画山林泉石，其笔法亦瘦挺、颤掣，和周昉不同；所画仕女不施朱傅粉，镂金佩玉以饰为工。也善画佛像，尝于兜率宫内作《慈氏像》，将印度原本中之男像画成“丰肌秀骨”、“明眸善睐”之中国女性。曾绘《高僧试笔图》，画一僧攘臂挥笔，旁观数士人咨嗟啧啧之态，如闻有声。还善于描写儿童生活，有《婴戏图》卷、《宫中图》卷等。

 周文矩善画道释、人物、车服、楼观、山林、泉石，而以人物、仕女最精。学北齐曹仲达、唐代吴道子，不堕曹、吴习气，却能自成一家。他的仕女画，继承了唐周昉的传统，在面部造型上，得其“闺阁之态”，但也有他独创的地方：行笔多用较瘦劲的“战笔”(颤动的线条)来表现衣纹，以别于周昉“秀润匀细”的画法(画仕女不用战笔)；在设色上不同于周昉的“秋艳”，而是“不施朱傅粉，镂金佩玉，以饰为工”。

他善于深入观察和体会现实生活中的各种人物，把握他们的思想感情和性格特征，因此，塑造出来的人物各不相同，达到形神兼备的艺术境界。故宫博物院所藏的《重屏会棋图》（宋摹本)，画中刻画李中主端然而坐，凝神观看其兄弟下围棋的情景，显示出一种思考的仪态，十分生动。衣纹作“战笔”，无名款，应是文矩的画法。其《宫中田》(宋摹本)，描写宫廷妇女幽闲生活，有弹琴、弹琵琶的，有梳妆打扮的，有同儿童和狗嬉戏的；或平静安详，或闷闷不乐，或惊慌，或虔诚等等，均反映了不同活动中妇女的不同心理状态。他的《宫女图》，一宫女于腰带间插一玉笛，侧身而立，目视手指，表现刚演奏之后，情意凝伫，若有所思的样子。元代汤垕还看到他一幅《高僧试笔图》。一僧攘臂挥翰，旁观数士人咨嗟啧啧之态，如闻其声。这些传神妙笔，无不给人留下了深刻的印象。他的宗教画，与吴道子、周昉是一个体系，虽取材于印度佛教经典，但以现实生活中的人物形象做模特儿，按照中国人的审美理想去进行创作的。如画五欲天宫之弥勒菩萨，大胆地把印度原本中菩萨男子像，改成“丰肌秀骨”、“明眸善睐”健康美的中国女性，已纯属于中国民族风格的艺术了。这种作风对北宋的宗教画影响很大。

周文矩曾作《婴戏图》卷，塑造了许多天真无邪、活泼可爱的儿童形象，对儿童生活的描写，颇为生动，开宋代专门描绘儿童题材的先声。苏汉臣、李嵩等画家的《婴戏》和《货郎图》等，就是在周文矩的基础上进行创造的。

 他的仕女画从题材内容到表现形式，都继承了唐代周昉的传统。论者谓其体近周昉，而纤丽过之，这是由于不同时代的审美风尚和不同地域的妇女体态所存在的差异所决定的。他画佛道、人物，力求不蹈袭曹仲达、吴道子等人的窠臼。画人物衣纹，效仿李后主的书法笔意，行笔瘦硬颤掣。北宋《圣朝名画评》指出:他“用笔深远，于繁富则尤工”。说明善于表现繁华富丽的生活场景，是周文矩人物画的特长。

 传世作品有《明皇会棋图》卷，图录于《故宫名画三百种》；《重屏会棋图》卷，描绘南唐中主李璟与兄弟们在屏风前对弈的场面。因背景屏风上又画屏风，所以称为“重屏”，该图无名款，宋元藏印均伪，但人物服饰及生活用品为五代遗制，至少可以反映周文矩画法的面貌。绢本，设色，纵40.3厘米，横70.5厘米，卷后有明沈度、文征明题记，现藏故宫博物院。藏于美国弗利尔博物馆的《琉璃堂人物图》卷为清人摹本，该画描绘盛唐诗人王昌龄与其诗友李白、高适等人在江宁琉璃堂唱和的故事。宋徽宗误题为韩滉《文苑图》的传本其实是该画的一部分。《宫中图》一画为南宋摹本，记载说为周文矩真迹临本。北宋《图画见闻志》和《宣和画谱》举述周文矩的作品，“有《贵戚游春》、《捣衣》、《熨帛》、《绣女》等图传于世”。现存宋代摹本《宫中图》，从不同侧面表现了宫廷妇女的生活。包括奏乐、簪花、扑蝶、戏婴、调犬、画像等多种情节；全图分12段，共81人，人物情态及相互间的呼应关系，处理得十分自然而又有条理。其中画像一段，是中国古代人物画家，对人写真的形象资料，尤为难得。周文矩也是出色的肖像画家。南唐保大五年(947)元旦大雪，中主李璟与兄弟及近

臣宴饮赋诗，诏令周文矩及宫廷画家高冲古、董源、朱澄、徐崇嗣等合作描绘《赏雪图》。图中“侍臣、法部丝竹”即由周文矩主笔，甚受称誉。他还画过《重屏会棋图》、《五王酩饮图》等，也是表现李璟及其兄弟们的群像和生活情态的。《重屏会棋图》现藏故宫博物院，描绘李璟与其3个弟弟弈棋，在弈棋的高雅生活中流露着友爱气氛。李璟坐正中，其肖像神情逼真，颇有特色，衣纹细挺而带转折，瘦硬战掣，正是周文矩线描特色。图中屏风上又画一屏风，内容系表现白居易《偶眠》诗意，故名《重屏会棋图》。

 《重屏会棋图》卷，五代，周文矩绘，绢本，设色，纵40.3cm，横70.5cm。

　　本幅无作者款印。经徐邦达先生鉴定，此系宋人摹本。尾纸除有明代沈度、文徵明的伪款题跋外，还有近人于怀的墨题真迹。钤元柯九思“緼真斋”，清安仪周“棠邨审定”、“安仪周家珍藏”及清内府“乾隆御览之宝”等鉴藏印共16方。其中的“緼真斋”、宋徽宗的“双龙小玺”、“宣和”、“政和”等宋元诸印均伪。

　　图绘摆设精美的室内，四位身份高贵的男子于棋桌前的情景。他们神态各异，举止不同，有的催促落子，有的举棋不定，有的观棋不语，真实地反映出观棋者与弈棋者不同的神态。画中没有标注这些人物的姓名。目前，经过几代学者的深入研究，才逐渐确认出本幅作品的画面主人公及其内容。图中描绘的是五代南唐中主李璟的宫廷行乐生活。有关此图情节的记载最早见于北宋《王文公集》卷五十中王安石的《江邻几邀观三馆书画》诗，诗中指认出图中头戴高帽者为李璟；南宋初年的王明清在《挥尘三录》中记载了他以家藏的李璟肖像画与此图进行考辨的过程；元代袁桷《清容居士集》和陆友仁《研北杂志》则考证出会棋者是李璟兄弟四人，屏风所画为白居易《偶眠》诗意。最终指明图中人物具体方位的是清吴荣光《辛丑销夏记》所录庄虎孙的跋语：“图中一人南面挟册正坐者，即南唐李中主像；一人并榻坐稍偏左向者，太北晋王景遂；二人别榻隅坐对弈者，齐王景达、江王景逿。”

　　作为写实性的绘画作品，作者在逼真地刻画出人物肖像特征的同时，也真实地描绘出室内的生活用具，如投壶、屏风、围棋、箱箧、榻几、茶具等，为后人研究五代时期各种生活器用的形制以及中国早期皇室的行乐雅集活动提供了重要的形象资料。作者以“颤笔描”绘制图中人物的衣纹，表现出布纹的质感，并准确地勾勒出不同动态下人物的形体变化，展示了周文矩以线塑型的深厚功底。此图的设色虽多用矿物颜料，但未层层积染或浓涂重抹，而只是在勾线后清淡地施以颜色。在几案边的花纹上勾染了略显深重的石青、石绿；而李璟的衣袍虽也用朱砂晕染，却甚为简淡，只是侍童的衣带用较重的朱砂，以与浅淡的衣袍形成对比。其余三人的衣着竟一色不染。

　　由于此图背景的屏风中还画有屏风，因此人们称此图为“重屏”图。它受到了历代画家广泛的传移摹写，并被宋内府《宣和画谱》、明张丑《清河书画舫》、清卞永誉《式古堂书画汇考》等数十种书著录。故宫所藏的这幅画即使不是周文矩原作，也应是接近于原作的宋人摹本精品。

　　此图自清宣统朝流出宫廷后散落民间。1949年后，国家文物局从吉林省长春文物商于莲客手中购得此图，随后将它与元代高克恭《秋山暮霭图》、任仁发《二马图》卷一并入藏故宫博物院。

　　清安仪周《墨缘汇观》、胡敬《西清札记》、内府《石渠宝笈三编》等著录。

　　周文矩，生卒年不详，活动于10世纪，句容（今属江苏）人，南唐画院翰林待诏。中主李璟时，他便以擅绘人物、车马、界画楼台以及宫廷贵族生活题材画而知名。后主李煜执政期间，他常受诏作画，曾像顾闳中一样被派去窥绘韩熙载的夜宴生活，只是他所画的韩氏夜宴图未能传世。他的画风受后主李煜的颤笔法影响很大，喜以瘦挺颤掣的笔法入画，以别具特色的画风称誉画坛。

 《文苑图》卷，五代，周文矩作，绢本，设色，纵37.4cm，横58.5cm。

　　本幅无作者款印，根据图左宋徽宗“瘦金体”题字：“韓滉文苑圖，丁亥禦劄”，下书“天下一人”押，遂定为唐代韩滉作。然从时代风格看，少唐画气息，最明显的是衣纹线条颤动曲折，极似五代周文矩所创的“战笔描”。另外人物头戴的“工脚上翘”的幞头形式，亦至五代才出现。同时，美国大都会博物馆藏有一本周文矩的《琉璃堂人物图》卷，后半段画面与此图完全一样，故可肯定《文苑图》作者是周文矩，所画内容为琉璃堂人物故事。至于两图孰为原本？抑或均属摹本？据考，美国的《琉璃堂人物图》卷水平较差，人物面相稍欠神采，衣纹用笔颇见柔弱，且图首宋徽宗题“周文矩琉璃堂人物圖，神品上妙也”和下钤“ 內府圖書之印”均伪，故此图当为宋以后摹本。而《文苑图》人物神采奕奕，笔墨功力深厚，本幅右下角又有南唐墨钤“集賢院禦畫印”，证明此图不会晚于五代，极可能即周文矩原迹，惟前半段已佚，也许周文矩又重临了后半段，亦不排除为同时高手临仿本。总之《文苑图》属五代真迹名品，殊无疑义。

　　作品所绘琉璃堂人物故事，据考即唐玄宗时著名诗人王昌龄任江宁县丞期间，在县衙旁琉璃堂与朋友宴集的故事，与会者可能有其诗友岑参兄弟、刘眘虚等人。《文苑图》绘四位文士围绕松树思索诗句，有倚壘石持笔觅句者，有靠松干构思者，有两人并坐展卷推敲改诗者，情态各异，形神俱备。所缺前半段从《琉璃堂人物图》中可以看到，是画四人围坐议论，其中有一位僧人，还有侍奉的童仆。从全卷场面可领略当时宴集之盛况。

　　此图画法与《琉璃堂人物图》及周文矩另一幅《重屏会棋圈》卷(宋摹本)相比较，风格相似，都呈周氏典型面貌，但水平却有高下之分。本图人物衣纹所运“战笔描”细劲有力，曲折中见流畅，圆润中具轻重，树石勾染细致，富层次和立面感，人物情态尤富神采，个性各异。作为五代一幅真迹，确反映了该时代所达到的水平。

　　此图见于《石渠宝笈·初编》和明·詹景凤《玄览编》著录，可能曾入南唐后主李煜《阁中集》，后又入北宋徽宗《宣和睿览集》。

 Zhou Wenzhuang is a painter of the Southern Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties of China. Jiankang Jurong (now Jurong City, Jiangsu Province) is a native. The date of birth and death is unknown. It took place in the period of Li Juan and Li Yu (943-975), who were the emperors in the middle of the Southern Tang Dynasty. Zhou Wenzhong is good at painting Buddhism, Taoism, figures, chariots and horses, houses and landscapes, especially ladies. Zhou Wenzhong is also an excellent portrait painter. Most of the surviving works are copies of Palace Picture, Suwu Li Ling Fengju Picture, Double Screen Chess Picture, Liulitang Character Picture and Taizhen Shangma Picture.

Zhou Wenzhuang has a beautiful demeanor and is very thoughtful in learning from Danqing. In Shengyuan (937-942), he was ordered to write Nanzhuang Tu in the court, which is the most complete. Li Yu, the successor, was appointed to the post of Hanlin. Painting figures, crowns and vehicles, especially ladies, mostly focused on the life of Royal nobles, and refined horses, buildings, painting style close to Zhou Fang, but its delicate, painting clothes, mostly made quivering brush, original "battle brush" description; painting mountain, forest and spring stone, its brushwork is also thin, quivering, and different from Zhou Fang; the Painted Ladies do not use Zhufu powder, gold and Peiyu ornaments for decoration. He is also good at painting Buddha portraits. He tasted the Cishi Portrait, which was created in Dura's palace. He painted the original male portrait of India as a Chinese woman with "rich muscles and beautiful bones" and "bright eyes and beautiful eyes". He once drew the "Senior Monk's Picture" and drew a monk's arm waving his pen. He watched several scholars'advice and hiccup, as if he heard something. He is also good at describing children's life, including "Baby Drama" and "Palace Map". The handed down works include "Ming Huang Huiqi Tu", which is recorded in "Three Hundreds of Famous Paintings of the Palace Museum", and "Double Screen Huiqi Tu", which depicts the game between Li Jing, the master of the Southern Tang Dynasty, and his brothers in front of the screen. Because the screen is painted on the background screen, it is called "double screen". The picture is nameless, and the Song, Yuan and Tibetan seals are all fake. However, the costumes and daily necessities of the characters are inherited from five generations, which can at least reflect the appearance of Zhou Wenzhi's painting method. Silk, set color, 40.3 cm in length and 70.5 cm in transverse, with clear Shen and Wenzheng inscriptions after the roll, is now hidden in the Palace Museum. A copy of the Qing Dynasty's Character Picture of the Liulitang Hall, collected in the Flyer Museum of the United States, depicts the story of Wang Changling, a poet of the flourishing Tang Dynasty, singing with his poet friends Li Bai and Gaoshi in the Liulitang Hall of Jiangning. Song Huizong's mistitled "Wenyuan Tu" by Han Fu is actually a part of the painting. The picture in the palace is a copy of the Southern Song Dynasty. It is recorded as a copy of Zhou Wenzhuang's authentic works. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Pictures Seeing and Hearing Records and Xuanhe Pictures, Zhou Wenzhuang's works are cited as "pictures such as"You Qi You Chun","Tamping Clothes","Iron Silk"and"Embroidered Girl"are handed down to the world. The existing Song Dynasty copy of Palace Map shows the life of court women from different aspects. Including playing music, hairpin flowers, butterflies, playing babies, tuning dogs, portraits and other plots; the whole picture is divided into 12 paragraphs, a total of 81 people, character modalities and mutual echoes, dealing with very natural and orderly. Among them, the portrait section is an ancient Chinese figure painter. It is especially rare for the portrait materials of people to be realistic. Zhou Wenzhong is also an excellent portrait painter. Five years of Baoda in Southern Tang Dynasty (947) Heavy snow on New Year's Day.

Zhou Wenzhuang and court painters Gao Chonggu, Dong Yuan, Zhu Cheng and Xu Chongsi cooperated in describing the Snow Appreciation Picture. In the picture, "ministers and ministers of the Ministry of Justice" is written by Zhou Wenzhong, and is highly praised. He also painted "Double Screen Chess Picture" and "Five Kings'Picture of Drinking", which also showed the group image and life style of Li Jing and his brothers. "Double Screen Chess Picture" is now hidden in the Palace Museum. It depicts Li Jung playing chess with his three brothers, showing a friendly atmosphere in the elegant life of chess. Li Jing is sitting in the middle of the room. His portrait is vivid and distinctive. His clothes are slender and sharp with turning points. His thin and hard battle buttons are the characteristics of Zhou Wenzhuang's line drawing. In the picture, another screen is painted. The content is Bai Juyi's "Occasionally Sleeping" poem, which is named "Double Screen Chess Picture".