徐铉(916年—991年),五代至北宋初年诗人、书法家。字鼎臣。原籍会稽(今浙江绍兴),父亲徐延休,官江都少尹,遂家其地,故一作广陵(今江苏扬州)人。
徐铉先世为会稽(今浙江绍兴)人,父徐延休,官江都少尹,遂迁居广陵。徐铉十岁能属文,宅居栖霞寺侧。初事南唐,历官御史大夫、率更令、右散骑常侍,官至吏部尚书。
宋开宝七年(974年),赵匡胤令大将曹彬伐南唐。徐铉曾二度奉李煜之命使宋,谋求和平,告太祖曰:“煜事陛下,如子事父,未有过失,奈何见伐?”太祖道:“汝以为父子分两家,可乎?”铉不能对。十一月,徐铉、周惟简再次入奏,徐铉道:“李煜因病未任朝谒,非敢拒诏也,乞缓兵以全一邦之命。”其言极恳切,与太祖辩,反复再三,声气愈厉。赵匡胤辩不过,拔剑而起,怒斥徐铉:“不须多言!江南国主何罪之有?只是一姓天下,卧榻之侧,不容他人酣睡!”徐铉不敢再言。
南唐亡后,随李煜入观宋太祖,命为率更令。累官至散骑常侍。博学多才,有一只象毙命,取胆不获。铉曰:“于前左足求之。”果得。召问铉,对曰:“象胆随四时在足,今方二月,故知之。”
徐铉曾奉旨与句中正、葛湍、王惟恭等同校《说文解字》,于宋太宗雍熙三年(986年)完成并雕版流布,世称“大徐本”,又曾编纂《文苑英华》《太平广记》等。太平兴国三年(978年),徐铉奉宋太宗之命探视李煜,李煜叹息:“当初我错杀潘佑、李平,悔之不已!”徐铉退而告之,宋太宗闻之大怒,赐李煜自尽。淳化二年(991年),遭庐州妖僧道安诬,被贬谪为静难行军司马(属邠州)。邠州苦寒,终不御毛褐,致冷疾(风寒),八月二十六日“晨起,方冠带,遽索笔手疏,约束后事,又别署曰:‘道者,天地之母。’书讫而卒,年七十六。”
古文
徐铉的文章承晚唐骈俪之风,而体格孤秀。他为李煜所作墓志铭,立言得体,《宋文鉴》曾录此铭。著有《骑省集》(即《徐公文集》)三十卷,由女婿吴淑编集。前20卷是在南唐作官时写的,后10卷为入宋后所作。有《四部丛刊》影印黄丕烈校旧抄本30卷,附录1卷。近人徐乃昌翻刻宋本,附《补遗》1卷、《校勘记》1卷。另有《学津讨原》、《津逮秘书》等。徐铉好谈神怪,有门客蒯亮乃江东布衣,九十余岁,好大言夸诞,所言皆载入《稽神录》。
徐铉在南唐时,文章议论与韩熙载齐名,称“韩徐”,又与弟徐锴俱精通文字学,号“大小徐”。曾与句中正等共同校订《说文解字》,增补19字入正文,又补402字附于正文后。经他们校订增补的世称“大徐本”。
书法
徐铉长于书法,喜好李斯小篆,隶书也较出色。代欧阳修《集古录跋尾·泰峄山刻石》载:“昔徐铉在江南,以小篆驰名,郑文宝其门人也,尝受学于铉,亦见称于一时。”清代冯武《书法正传》称其:“善小篆,映日视之,画之中心,有一缕浓墨,正当其中,至于曲折处,亦当中,无有偏侧;乃笔峰直下不侧,故锋常在画中。”黑龙江省博物馆藏有他的《篆书千字文残卷》(宋摹本)。徐铉的行书也颇为人称道,代表作《私诚帖》现藏台北故宫博物院。全篇结构平稳,但又不掉趣味,书风含蓄天然,开宋人尚意书风的先河。
诗作
徐铉的诗平易浅切,真率自然,不押险韵,不用奇字,颇近白居易诗风。其《贬官秦州出城作》、《送王四十五归东都》、《寄高邮陈郎中》等诗,均能出自肺腑,情到语流,无生涩雕琢之病。相传徐铉文思敏捷,凡有撰作,常不喜预作,有想请他写文章的人,临事来请,他执笔立就。徐铉曾说,“文速则意思敏壮,缓则体势疏慢”(《郡斋读书志》),所以他的诗流畅有余而深警不足。但也时出隽句,如:“井泉生地脉,砧杵共秋声”(《喜李少保卜邻诗》),足见其思致闲远,意味深长。
“三徐”名著江左,皆以博洽闻中朝,而骑省铉尤最。会江左使铉来修贡,例差官押伴。朝臣皆以词令不及为惮,宰相亦艰其选,请于艺祖。艺祖曰:“姑退,朕自择之。”有顷,左(王当)传宣殿前司,具殿侍中不识字者十人以名入。宸笔点其一,曰:“此人可!”在廷皆惊,中书不敢复请,趣使行。殿侍者莫知所以,弗获已,竟往。渡江,始铉词锋如云,旁观骇愕,其人不能答,徒唯唯,铉不测,强聒而与之言。居数日,既无酬复,铉亦倦且默矣。(出自明代冯梦龙《智囊》)
这个故事是说,徐锴、徐铉两兄弟和江宁人徐熙,号称“三徐”,在江南很是出名,且他们皆以博才多学而闻名于朝廷上下,其中又以徐铉的名望最高。有一次,恰逢江南派徐铉前来进贡,按照惯例,需派官员监督陪伴,朝中大臣都以自己的口才不如徐铉而胆怯。就连宰相也很难有一个合适人选去对付徐铉,于是他便向宋太祖请示。宋太祖听后说道:“你暂且退下,我自己来选一个合适的人。”一会儿后,太监宣传殿前司听旨,要他报上十名不识字的殿前侍者的名单,太祖看后,御笔点中其中一个,说:“此人即可。”朝中上下都惊诧不已。宰相也不敢再请示,就催促被点之人立刻动身。被御笔点中的殿侍者不知何故派他作使臣,又得不到任何解释,只好渡江前往。起初,徐铉词锋如云,旁观者惊愕不已,殿侍者更是无以应付,只好不住地点头,徐铉不知他的深浅,硬撑着与侍者交谈。他们一起住了几天,侍者还是不与徐铉酬答,徐铉此时已精疲力竭,再也不吭声了。
徐铉喜爱香道,亦是制香大家,每遇月夜,露坐中庭,焚佳香一炷,澄心伴月,他把自己制的这种香称为“伴月香”。主要由沉檀、莞香、苏合香、鸡舌香、豆蔻、芸香、白茅香等配置而成。伴月香香品配伍严谨,更注重香药的炮制与和合。其香气、香性清幽淡雅,芳泽溢远 ,留香持久;有清和正气、养性虞神、调和身心之功。适用于书斋琴室、禅房净舍、会客迎宾。
《宋史》:性简淡寡欲,质直无矫饰。
李穆:二徐(徐铉、徐锴)文章,二陆(陆机、陆云)不能及也!
诗作概览
奉和王相公早春登徐州城,送宣州丘判官,茱萸诗,观吉王花烛,奉酬度支陈员外,送德迈道人之豫章,北使还襄邑道中作,送陈秘监归泉州,奉和御制茱萸,禁中新月,秋日泛舟赋苹花,和王明府见寄,严相公宅牡丹,送高舍人使岭南,和方泰州见寄,又赋早春书事,再领制诰和王明府见贺,玉笥山留题,九日落星山登高,侍宴赋得归雁,和陈表用员外求酒,十日和张少监,题紫阳观,题白鹤庙,和尉迟赞善秋暮僻居,送高起居之泾县,题碧巖亭赠孙尊师,晚憩白鹤庙寄句容张少府,赠奚道士,和尉迟赞善病中见寄,和致仕张尚书新创道院,送彭秀才,送许郎中歙州判官兼黟县,送朱先辈尉庐陵,移饶州别周使君,送黄秀才姑熟辟命,正初和鄂州边郎中见寄,题伏龟山北隅,送勋道人之建安,送彭秀才南游,送刘司直出宰,送黄梅江明府,送薛少卿赴青阳,和萧郎中午日见寄,和明上人除夜见寄,送刘山阳,咏梅子真送郭先辈,送龚员外赴江州幕,送陈先生之洪并寄萧少卿,送从兄赴临川幕,寄从兄宪兼示二弟,寄萧给事,常州驿中喜雨,赠浙西顾推官,回至瓜洲献侍中,行园树,九日雨中,赠泰州掾令狐克己,送蒯司录归京亮,题雷公井,寄锺谟,寄舒州杜员外,送欧阳大监游庐山,和萧郎中小雪日作,闻雁寄故人,九月十一日寄陈郎中,正初答锺郎中见招,赋得霍将军辞第,立秋后一日与朱舍人同直,中书相公溪亭闲宴依韵,赠王贞素先生,送史馆高员外使岭南,寄和州韩舍人,题殷舍人宅木芙蓉,春夜月,和明道人宿山寺,走笔送义兴令赵宣辅,天阙山绝句,寄抚州锺郎中,秋日卢龙村舍,送魏舍人仲甫为蕲州判官,春日紫巖山期客不至,和殷舍人萧员外春雪,谢文静墓下作,赋得彩燕,宿蒋帝庙明日游山南诸寺,寄驾部郎中,赋得有所思,景阳台怀古,送和州张员外为江都令,重游木兰亭,京口江际弄水,将过江题白沙馆,从驾东幸呈诸公,登甘露寺北望,山路花,将去广陵别史员外南斋,早春旬假独直寄江舍人,寒食宿陈公塘上。
名作赏析
【送王四十五归东都】
海内兵方起,离筵泪易垂。怜君负米去,惜此落花时。
想忆看来信,相宽指后期。殷勤手中柳,此是向南枝。
【梦游·魂梦悠扬不奈何】
魂梦悠扬不奈何,夜来还在故人家。香蒙蜡烛时时暗,户映屏风故故斜。
檀的慢调银字管,云鬟低缀折枝花。天明又作人间别,洞口春深道路赊。
【观人读春秋】
日觉儒风薄,谁将霸道羞。乱臣无所惧,何用读《春秋》。
《宋史·卷四百四十一·列传第二百·文苑三》
Xu Xun was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province. His father Xu Yanxiu and Shaoyin, the capital of Guanjiang, moved to Guangling. Xu Xun is a ten-year-old scholar who lives beside Qixia Temple. In the early days of the Southern Tang Dynasty, the officials were officials, officials and officials.
In the seventh year of Song Kaibao (974), General Cao Bin of Zhao Kuangxu was sent to the Southern Tang Dynasty. Xu Xun once sent Li Yu to the Song Dynasty to seek peace for the second time. He told Taizu, "Your Majesty, if you are a son and father, you have no fault, but how can you attack?" Taizu said, "Do you think father and son are divided into two families? Cerium can't be right. In November, Xu Hyun and Zhou Weijian entered the music again. Xu Hyun said, "Li Yu did not serve as a pilgrim because of his illness. He dared not refuse the imperial edict. He begged to defer his troops and take the life of the whole nation." His words are very sincere, and he argues with Taizu, repeatedly, the more powerful his voice. Zhao Kuangxu argued, but drew up his sword and scolded Xu Xun angrily: "Don't say much! What are the sins of Jiangnan landlords? It's just the world, lying on the side of the couch, not allowing others to sleep soundly!! ___________ Xu Hyun dared not say any more.
After the death of the Southern Tang Dynasty, Li Yu went to see Taizu of the Song Dynasty and ordered him to take the lead. Tired officials often serve on scattered horseback. A learned and talented man died like an elephant, but he could not get courage. "Seek it from the front and the left," said Hyun. Fruiting. When he was asked, he said to him, "Elephant gallbladder is always in full swing. It's February now, so we know it."
Xu Xun once wrote Shuowen Jiezi with the same school as Ju Zhongzheng, Ge Run and Wang Weigong. It was completed and engraved in Yongxi three years (1986) of the Song Emperor Taizong. It is known as the "Great Xu Ben". He also compiled Wenyuan Yinghua and Taiping Guangji. In the three years of Taiping's rejuvenation (1978), Xu Hyun visited Li Yu at the command of Taizong of Song Dynasty. Li Yu sighed, "I killed Pan You and Li Ping by mistake. I regretted it!" Xu Xu withdrew and told him that Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty was furious and gave Li Yu to commit suicide. In the second year of Chunhua (1991), he was stigmatized by Luzhou Monk Tao and banished as Sima, who was a marching monk. Yanzhou is bitter and cold, and eventually does not resist brush brown, causing cold disease (wind and cold). On August 26, "when we get up in the morning, we have a square crown band, and we are quick to draw up our pen and write carelessly, restraining the aftermath. We also say,"Taoist, mother of heaven and earth." The Book died in seventy-six years.
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