关山月

，原名关泽霈，1912年农历9月16日出生于广东阳江县（今广东阳江市）那蓬乡果园村。早年就读于广州市立师范学校本科，刻苦自学绘画。后得到岭南画派主要创始人高剑父先生的赏识，招其免费进入春睡画院，成为高氏入室弟子，并为其改名关山月。

1939年，关山月以《渔民之劫》等作品参加了在苏联举办的中国美术展览。同年秋至1940年春，他首次于澳门、香港及湛江举办个人画展，之后他自广东出发，经广西、贵州、云南、四川、甘肃、青海、陕西等省区，深入生活，收集素材，边写生，边创作，并沿途举办个人画展，以卖画维持生活和筹措资金，他在敦煌石窟临摹过壁画，研习传统艺术。此次旅行写生，为他后来的艺术成就奠定了坚实基础。

1946年，被聘为广州市立艺术专科学校教授兼中国画科主任。

1947年作南洋之行，关山月先后在泰国、马来西亚和新加坡等地旅行写生，作品描绘热带风光，并举办个人画展，受到华侨的欢迎。翌年又在香港、上海、南京举办西南、西北及南洋旅行写生画展，并出版《关山月纪游画集》（2辑）。

1949年春，在香港参加人间画会的艺术活动；中华人民共和国建立后，他先后担任中南文艺学院教授兼中南文联美术部副部长、中南美术专科学校教授兼副校长、广州美术学院教授、院长、中国美术家协会副主席、全国文联委员、广东省文联副主席、中国美协广东分会主席、广东画院院长、名誉院长。

1957年由国家委派赴欧洲主持中国近代百年绘画展览。

1982年被香港中文大学聘为学位考试委员会校外委员。他始终坚持深入生活，勤奋创作，其代表作有《新开发的公路》、《俏不争春》、《绿色长城》、《天山牧歌》、《碧浪涌南天》、《祁连牧居》、《长河颂》及与国画大师傅抱石合作的不朽巨作《江山如此多娇》（在《江山如此多娇》的创作过程中，周恩来总理、陈毅副总理也提出了宝贵的意见）。

此外，他还访问过波兰、法国、瑞士、荷兰、苏联等国，并在日本、澳大利亚举办画展，在美国讲学和进行艺术交流。

1991年捐资中国美协设立“关山月中国画教学创作基金”，捐赠作品建立深圳“关山月美术馆”。

关山月在艺术上坚持岭南画派的革新主张，追求画面的时代感和生活气息；他的山水画立意高远，境界恢宏；他的梅花，枝干如铁，繁花似火，雄浑厚重，清丽秀逸。他先后出版有《关山月画集》、《关山月、傅抱石东北写生选》、《关山月作品选》、《井冈山》等作品。

1997年，关山月美术馆在深圳市落成；2000年7月3日下午，关山月因病在广州去世，享年88岁。

 关山月是20世纪后半叶中国画坛上的主流画家之一，他的绘画艺术同中国美术的发展是同步的。关山月绘画艺术的总体特点与20世纪后期中国美术的基本特点是一致的。

这种一致性集中地表现为现实主义创作思想和不断地创新精神。

我们大致可以从三个阶段对关山月的艺术加以研究。

第一阶段，是从30年代末到40年代末。从这一时期的作品中可以看出，关山月继承了中国写意画中水墨为主与古代壁画中人物画的方法，同时明显地吸引了西画的写实手法。

例如，在1939年创作的《拾薪》中器具的造型与景物的空间关系，《玫瑰》一画中对提篮和玫瑰花的形体塑造，都比较写实。在1940年所在地画的《侵略者的下场》中，树干与线杆都用明暗法画出，以表现其体积感。

40年代所画的《嘉陵江码头》、《岷江之秋》、《黄河冰封》及《祁连放牧》等表现场影的作品中，都以焦点透视，造成了较强的空间真实感。这一时期的作品与后来相比，写实性强，较注重形体刻画，而不太强调传统笔墨趣味。

第二个阶段，包括50年代到70年代的约30年间。关山月在这一时期的创作取得了丰硕的成果。画家以饱满的热情，用中国画的艺术形式描绘了广大人民进行社会主义建设的现实生活。他的作品表现了钢铁厂建设、堵海工地、煤都、水库、水电站等热火朝天的建设场景，还表现了幼儿园、渡口、纺线以及山村的各种农作劳动和农家活动。作品充满了浓厚的生活气息和地区色彩。需要特别提到的是画家使一些山水画、花鸟画也具有了较强的社会主义时代感和精神内涵。如《快马加鞭未下鞍》表现我军骑兵部队的英勇迅猛，《春到雁门》表现了北方农民的辛苦劳作和生活的改善，都是以山水画表现较强社会内容的代表性作品。

至于《俏不争春》则是以花鸟画表达热情、活力等精神力量的范例。这些作品是反映一个时代风貌的代表性作品。关山月在这阶段还保持着写实的风格，同时加强了笔墨的表现力和对作品内涵意蕴的扩展和深化。画面比以前更为丰富、厚重，一些作品使用了鲜明的色彩。

从80年代至今是关山月艺术发展的第三个阶段。画家在前一阶段基础上，进一步增加了笔墨、意境等中国画传统在作品中的万分。画家没有放弃写实性，但明显地从传统中汲取了更多的营养。画家用笔更加泼辣、奔放、恣肆，一些画面处理较为简练、概括，另一些画面又显得丰富、蕴藉。在《山泉水清》、《巨榕红棉赞》、《乡土情》等巨幅作品中，整体气势恢弘，细部耐人寻味，有较强的感染力，可谓神完气足。

如果我们把1991年创作的《漓江万里春》与50年前所画的《漓江万里图》相比较，可以清楚地看出，画家对“形”的关注转向对“神”的关注，前者的笔墨意趣也大为加强。这一时期创作的《荔枝图》、《天香

 赞》等花鸟画作品也比以前简练，笔墨更为精妙，意蕴更为幽深。通过关山月的绘画艺术，似可归纳为如下几个主要的特色：首先，关山月的中国画表现火热的现实生活，作品中饱含着作者的激情和浓厚的生活气息。他的作品特别是第二阶段的作品，体现了毛泽东在《讲话》中所提出的为人民大众所创作和所喜爱的精神，他的作品具有较强的现实主义精神，因而也体现了鲜明的时代精神。

其次，关山月在中国画中融入了写实成分，他的作品绝大多数都具有不同程度的实境感，这是对岭南画派艺术的继承和发展。

第三，关山月于山水、花鸟、人物皆能，尤长于山水。

他以山水画、花鸟画表现较强的社会意义和精神内涵，是对传统中国画的拓展，使中国画在新的时代更具丰富的表现力。在20世纪中国画总体的创新与发展中，关山月以半个多世纪孜孜不倦的探索和所取得的突出的艺术成就成为不可缺少的人物。

 言及关山月对广州、广东的影响，岭南画家、广州文史研究馆副馆长卢延光就认为应突出三大方面：最突出的是对广东美术、岭南画派的影响力。

1959年，关山月与傅抱石合作了《江山如此多娇》后，进一步扩大了岭南画派和广东美术在全国的影响，让广东美术与京津、江浙两地成三足鼎立之势。

二是促成广东一系列展馆的建设。此前，广东无一岭南画派纪念馆，关山月与黎雄才二老合力，先后促成了岭南画派纪念馆、高剑父纪念馆、陈树人纪念馆、十香园

 共4大展馆的建成。资金筹措困难之时，关山月曾多次牵头捐出画作，呼吁各方捐赠。

另外，广东艺博院中，有关山月馆等10个名人馆，关山月就为其捐赠了150多幅字画。而在全国一流的广东美术馆，也有关山月促成的功劳。

三是对广东和广州美术教育的影响。1946年，关山月就回到广州，任教高剑父在原春睡花园基础上创办的南中美术专科学校。后任广州市立艺转中国画科主任、教授。1958年起，担任广州美术学院教授、副院长、兼中国画系主任等。后任广东画院院长等。

逾半世纪，关山月都执教于广州，培养出了陈金章 、林镛、史正学、吴泽浩等第三代岭南画派传人。

 文革岁月

1965年，“文艺整风”和“四清”开展，岭南画派因其创始人高剑父、陈树人曾为国民党元老，遭受批判，关山月已无创作。 翌年起，“文革”浩劫，关山月成了“反动学术权威”：他画的《悬梅》有梅枝向下，被诬为攻击社会主义中国“倒霉”；《东风》中三只燕子逆风而飞，为“反骨毕露”；有人更是找出了竹画中的“介”，解读成“蒋介石”…… 关山月被安排住进了广州美术学院的猪栏。后又下放到三水等干校，改造5年。

与其一同下放的学生陈金章后再追忆：“到处都有人监视着，谈(画)都不敢谈……”他记得，老师是“获政策照顾”，被安排到田间放牛。 不过，女儿关怡提起此事，却大鸣不平：“‘照顾’其实是将他和大众隔离开来，单独批斗，更为屈辱……”

据介绍，当时让关山月看管的是头缺鼻、好斗的公牛，根本无绳可牵。专案组又另下规定：每夜都必须按时将公牛带回；若公牛与其他牛发生争斗，或是踩到河田，都将视为“政治错误”处理。

直至1971年，“日中文化交流协会”负责人宫川寅雄来访中国，亲向周恩来总理问起：“关山月，健在否？”关山月才被紧急召回广州，与日本学者交流，重提画笔。

关怡称，父亲甚少在公众场合提及此段遭遇，并嘱咐女儿和学生也不要提起。但“文革”结束后的最初几年，关山月再画梅花，便都是“枝枝向上”。

大千买画

1945年，他到成都举办画展，还未结束，却被逼收展场租金，气愤难当。正巧画展的第一天，张大千第一个到展场看画，当面就问关山月，哪张画定价最高，他要买下。并立刻吩咐同来的人交了现款，买下了一张峨眉山写生画。价钱已足够关山月数月的开支。

张大千的红纸订条就挂在了画作之上。很快，许多不懂画的买主也纷纷进场，抢购关山月的作品。

1983年新春，美国休斯敦贝勒医学院林文杰教授来广州，后前往台湾看望张大千。关山月托他转交了自己的梅花贺年卡给张大千，上面还写了祝艺术常青几个字。

不过，不到百日，张大千就与世长辞，关山月写诗哀悼：“夙结敦煌缘，新图两地牵。寿芝天妒美，隔岸哭张爰。”

拆迁风波

广州美术学院内，两层半高的昌岗东路257号大院即是关山月故居。女儿关怡介绍，这座小楼还是广东省委、省政府为关老专门建造，到2000年7月去世前，关山月在此地居住了20年。

最初的选址是风景宜人的流花湖边。不过，在广州美术学院教学、生活了半个多世纪，关山月坚持留在了学校内。

20多年过去，楼房的外墙已经斑驳。推门而入，二楼的画室里2米多高的画板还竖立在墙上，关老当年留下的墨迹斑斑……关怡称，还经常有学生入门探访凭吊。

不过，2006年，广州地铁二号线与八号线交会站建设，故居却险遭拆迁；10余名人大代表和粤剧名伶红线女群起呼吁，时任广州市委书记朱小丹专门批示，才将房子保住。

GuanShanYue (1912.10.25 - 2000.07.03), formerly known as Guan Zepei, was born in 1912 in Guangdong, Yangjiang. Famous painter and educator. South of the Five Ridges school representatives. Apprentice "Gao South of the Five Ridges school". In 1948, Guangzhou City College professor. After 1958, served as professor and Dean of Guangzhou Acmdemy of Fine Arts, President of the Guangdong School of art, Guangdong art academy and other staff. Executive vice president, Chinese Artists Association, vice chairman of the Guangdong Provincial Federation, vice chairman of Guangdong artists association.

 GuanShanYue is one of the main painters in the second half of the twentieth Century Chinese painting, his painting art development with Chinese art is synchronized. The basic characteristics of the general characteristics and GuanShanYue art of painting art in late twentieth Century Chinese is consistent.

This consistency is reflected in the creative thinking and innovative spirit.

We can roughly be studied from three stages of GuanShanYue art.

The first stage is from the end of 30s to the end of 40s. From this period can be seen in the works, GuanShanYue inherited China freehand painting ink and method of painting in ancient paintings, and obviously attracted western realism.

For example, in spatial relation modeling and scene in 1939 the creation of "pick up" pay in appliances, "Rose" in a basket of roses and shape, are more realistic. In the fate of the invaders in 1940, the trunk and the line poles are painted in the light and shade to show their sense of volume.

40s painting "the Jialing River, Minjiang River pier" "autumn", "the Yellow River" and "Qilian" frozen grazing table scene shadow works, in perspective, caused a strong spatial sense of reality. The works of this period are compared with the later, more realistic, more emphasis on physical characterization, but not too much emphasis on traditional ink taste.

The second stage, including about 30 years from 70s to 50s. GuanShanYue has achieved fruitful results in the creation of this period. With full enthusiasm, the artist depicts the real life of the people in socialist construction with the art form of Chinese painting. His works show the iron and steel plant construction, construction sites, coal reservoir, blocking the sea and hydropower stations to be in full swing construction scene, but also the performance of the kindergarten, ferry, village farming and spinning various labor and farm activities. The work is full of strong flavor of life and regional color. Special mention is needed to make some landscape painting, flower and bird painting also has a strong sense of the times and spiritual connotation of the socialist. Such as "saddle" show me not at top speed in the cavalry heroic rapidly, "spring" to the North Yanmen farmers toil and the improvement of living standards, are representative of the strong performance of social content to landscape painting works.

As for the "Qiao indisputable spring" is to express the vitality, passion flower and bird painting as an example of the power of spirit. These works are representative works which reflect the style and features of the times. GuanShanYue is realistic style in this stage, expand and deepen and strengthen the ink expressive force and the connotation of the works. The picture is more abundant than before, thick, some works use the bright color.

Since 80s is the third stage GuanShanYue art development. On the basis of the previous stage, the artist has further increased the ink, artistic conception and other traditional Chinese painting in the works. The artist did not give up the realism, but obviously drew more nutrition from the tradition. The painter pen is more bold and unrestrained, unrestrained, some image processing more concise and general, the other side of the picture is rich and refined. In the "spring water", "praise", "giant banyan tree roots" huge works, the overall momentum, detail intriguing, have the strong appeal, is full of spirit and energy.

If we take the 1991 creation of "Lijiang wanlichun" and painted 50 years ago "Lijiang miles map" by comparison, we can clearly see that the artist's attention to the "form" to "God" on the ink interest is also strengthened. During this period, the creation of "lychee", "fantasy

Such praise "flower and bird painting than the previous text concise, more delicate, more deep meaning. By GuanShanYue art of painting, it can be divided into the following several main characteristics: first, the Chinese GuanShanYue paintings fiery reality, works with the author's passion and deep breath of life. His works especially the second stage works, reflects the Mao Zedong in the "speech" proposed for the masses of the people and love the spirit of creation, his works have a strong spirit of realism, which also reflects the distinctive spirit of the times.

Secondly, GuanShanYue into components in Chinese realistic painting, his works most of them have different sense of reality, which is the inheritance and development of the south of the Five Ridges School of art.

Third, GuanShanYue in the landscape, flowers and birds characters are especially good at landscape.

His landscape painting, flower and bird paintings show a strong social and spiritual connotation, is the expansion of traditional Chinese painting, Chinese painting in the new era is more expressive. In twentieth Century Chinese painting overall innovation and development, GuanShanYue to more than half a century of exploration diligently and achieved outstanding artistic achievement has become an indispensable figure.

Speaking of Guangzhou, Guangdong GuanShanYue influence, south of the Five Ridges painter, deputy director of Guangzhou Research Institute of culture and history, Lu Yanguang considered three aspects: the most prominent is the highlight of Guangdong art, the influence of the south of the Five Ridges school.

In 1959, Fu Baoshi and GuanShanYue cooperation "land so", to further expand the south of the Five Ridges School of fine art in Guangdong and its influence in the country, let Guangdong art and Beijing, Zhejiang and Jiangsu into a situation of tripartite confrontation trend.

Two is to promote the construction of a series of Guangdong exhibition hall. Previously, Guangdong a school of South of the Five Ridges memorial hall, GuanShanYue and Li Xiongcai Chou force, has contributed to the school of South of the Five Ridges memorial hall, Jianfu memorial hall, Chen Shuren memorial hall, ten fragrant garden

The completion of a total of 4 major pavilions. Financing difficulties, GuanShanYue has repeatedly led donated paintings, called on all parties to donate.

In addition, the Guangdong Museum of fine art, the Shanyue Museum 10 hall of fame, GuanShanYue for its donation of more than and 150 paintings. In the national first-class Guangdong Art Museum, the mountain also contributed to the credit.

The three is the influence of art education in Guangdong and Guangzhou. In 1946, GuanShanYue returned to Guangzhou to teach, founded on the basis of the Jianfu sleep Garden South School of Fine Arts in the original spring. He served as the Guangzhou Municipal Art Director and professor in the Department of painting China turn. Since 1958, as a professor, vice president of Guangzhou Acmdemy of Fine Arts, and director of the Department of Chinese painting. He served as president of Guangdong Painting Academy.

More than half a century, GuanShanYue are in charge of Guangzhou, cultivate a Chen Jinzhang, Lin Yong, Shi Zhengxue, Wu Zehao and three generation descendant of the south of the Five Ridges school.

The Cultural Revolution years

In 1965, the "rectification" and "the south of the Five Ridges school" to carry out, because of its founder Gao Jianfu Chen Shuren Ceng Wei, the KMT elder, suffered criticism, has no GuanShanYue creation. The following year, the "Cultural Revolution" the Holocaust, GuanShanYue became "reactionary academic authority": he painted "plum" plum branches hanging down, has been accused of attacking the socialist China "bad luck"; "Dongfeng" in the three wind and flying, "Fangu."; someone is found in the painting of bamboo the "medium", interpreted as "Jiang Jieshi"...... GuanShanYue was admitted to the Guangzhou Acmdemy of Fine Arts pigsty. And then to Sanshui etc. the cadre, the transformation of 5 years.

Together with his student Chen Jinzhang later recalled: "there are people everywhere monitoring, talk about (painting) are not dare to talk about......" He remembered, the teacher is "policy of care", was assigned to the field of cattle. However, her daughter Guan Yi mention, but big grievance: "take care of him and the public" is actually isolated, separate criticism, more humiliation......"

According to reports, head of the nose, aggressive bull was let GuanShanYue unattended, fundamental cordless pull. The task force and the other under the rules: every night must be brought back to the bulls on time; if the bull and other cattle fight, or step on the river, will be regarded as a "political error".

Until 1971, the "Cultural Exchange Association", is responsible for Miyakawa Toraxiong visit China, pro to Premier Zhou Enlai asked: "GuanShanYue, alive or not?" GuanShanYue was recalled to Guangzhou, and the Japanese scholar exchange, brush again.

Guan Yi said that his father was rarely mentioned in public this section of the encounter, and asked her daughter and students do not mention. But the "Cultural Revolution" after the end of the first few years, GuanShanYue painting plum, they are "ulterior motives to".

He bought the painting

In 1945, he went to the exhibition held in Chengdu, is not the end, but was forced to close the exhibition rent, angry man. The first day of the exhibition was the first to see the exhibition, Zhang Daqian painting, personally asked GuanShanYue, which picture is the highest priced, he wants to buy. And immediately ordered the men to pay cash, bought a sketch of Mount Emei. The price has been enough GuanShanYue months of expenses.

Zhang Daqian's red paper is hung on the painting. Soon, many do not understand art buyers also have to approach the works of GuanShanYue, panic buying.

The spring of 1983, the United States of Houston Baylor College of Medicine professor Lin Wenjie to Guangzhou, to Taiwan to visit his. He transferred his support GuanShanYue plum greeting cards to Zhang Daqian, which also wrote a few words to evergreen art.

However, less than 100 days, Zhang Daqian died, GuanShanYue poetry of mourning: "Su Dunhuang edge, two new lead. Shou Zhitian jealous beauty, across Zhang Yuan cry."

Demolition storm

Guangzhou Acmdemy of Fine Arts, two height Chang Gang Road No. 257 courtyard is GuanShanYue residence. The daughter of Guan Yi, this small building is the Guangdong provincial government is close to the old built, before his death in July 2000, GuanShanYue lived here for 20 years.

The original location is the pleasant scenery of the Liuhua lake. However, in Guangzhou Acmdemy of Fine Arts teaching, life for more than half a century, GuanShanYue insisted on staying in school.

20 years in the past, the building's exterior walls have mottled. Push the door, the two floor of the studio 2 meter high board also erected on the wall, off the old year left the ink spots...... Guan Yi said, often have the students visited the memorial entry.

However, in 2006, Guangzhou metro line two and line eight intersection station building, former residence but narrowly escaped demolition; more than 10 deputies and Cantonese Opera "to call on, when he was party secretary of Guangzhou Zhu Xiaodan special instructions, to keep the house.