龚开画作

龚开（1222～1304）南宋末诗人、画家。字圣予，一作圣与，号翠岩，因家近黾山，又号龟城叟，人称髯龚、老髯等。山阳（今江苏淮安）人。景定年间，曾在两淮制置司李庭芝幕府任职，南宋灭亡后隐居不仕，以遗老身份往来于杭州、平江等地。精于经术，善书工画，尤擅人物、山水，著有《龟城叟》辑本。
龚开出生之时，宋政权已被迫南迁、建都临安95年了。他的故乡淮阴，正处宋金分界线。在金戈铁马的抗金斗争中，曾出现过梁红玉这样的巾帼英雄。龚开自幼受环境薰染，年青时曾与陆秀夫同居广陵（今扬州）幕府，景定间为两淮制置司监，掌管茶盐酒税、场务征输及冶铸之事，为复兴宋室身体力行。在元军伐灭南宋的过程中，龚开虽已年过五旬，仍在闽、浙一带参加抗元活动。
宋亡后，他写了《宋文丞相传》，记述文天祥的事迹，《宋陆君实传》、《辑陆君实挽诗序》记载有关陆秀夫的事迹及其死后友人的挽诗，字里行间充满对抗元英雄人物的景仰。作为遗民，他虽生活极端艰窘困顿，仍坚持不仕，洁身自好，寄迹于苏、杭一带，以卖画为生。有时虽至“立则沮洳，坐无几席”，而不得不令其子“俯伏榻上，就其背按纸”（吴莱《桑海遗录序》），可见其作画的困境。他的画“一持出，人辄以数十金易之，藉是故不饥，然竟以无所求而死。”时人敬佩这样具有高超技艺的画家，更敬佩他“志节既峻”。王鏊称其“尚节气”（《姑苏志》）；杨载称其“大节固多奇”（《黄栎杖为龚圣予作》）；吴莱则谓其“无负于秀夫者哉”!
关于龚开子嗣，今只知其有两子名浚和咸，皆善画；另有一女，曾居吴。其余情况不详。
龚开著有《龟城叟集》1卷，附录1卷，有冒广生辑本，收入《楚州丛书》第1集。传世画作主要有，美国弗利尔美术馆藏《中山出游图》卷、日本大阪市立美术馆藏《骏骨图》卷。
中国历代不乏画马的大家，龚开的先辈曹霸、韩干、李公麟都有为御马写生的作品传世。龚开画马师曹、韩，得神骏之意，他曾以曹、韩的手法画过《唐太宗天闲十骥图》、《唐德宗望云骓图》。据记载，他的画马作品还有《玉豹图》、《唐马图》、《瘦马图》(亦称《骏骨图》)、《人马图》、《天马图》、《黑马图》、《高孙儿图》等等。龚开以画马抒发情感，寄托他对祖国和人民的热爱，借表现马的优良属性——矫健、快捷，来表达个人的理想和抱负，及对宋王朝的统治者哀其不幸、怒其不争的心情。他在多次题跋中，从西域引来良马联想到盛世的情景，他向往建功立业，可是生不逢时，抱负无从实现。“千金市骏已无人，秃笔松煤聊自得”(《玉豹图》)，“今日有谁怜骏骨，夕阳沙岸影如山”(《瘦马图》)。他唏嘘感叹，唯有寄希望于未来。他在《高马小儿图》中题道：“如此小儿如此马，他日应须万人敌”，呼吁“人才自少当爱惜”。龚开通过画马、题诗；表达自己的心绪。
龚开所画的马以“风鬃雾鬣，豪骨兰筋”的战马为特点，多逝电追风之状，且多惊人奇姿。元人马臻在《龚圣予画瘦马行》一诗中写道：“……画时想极虚无垠，思入万里沙声昏。凝精洞视色不变，杳冥之中百体存。相经合备渥洼种，仰首鸣天鼻欲动。气豪似与神龙争，疾雷迅电惊尘梦。忆昨嫖姚骑战时，旋云转雾飞四蹄。翻然踏碎关山雪，归来汗血光淋漓。……”他多次直接以“瘦马图”为画题，画中马棱棱并露十五肋，突出表现战马的勇猛和威武。
从画法上看，从唐之曹霸、韩干、韦偃，到宋之李公麟、元之赵孟烦，他们作品中的马，都是被豢养得膘肥体壮，着意表现马丰满的体魄。画法上笔法紧细，着色渲染不露痕迹。而龚开却不落窠臼，创造“描法甚粗”的写意画法，用洒脱简练的线条、豪放的画风，反映马的精神、气势，抒发魂梦萦绕作者收复河山的梦想，画面的主题和艺术技巧得到了高度完美的统一。
众所周知，中国古代绘画在宋以前多工致，宋代更以工细艳丽的画法为上。但从唐代起，就有张躁手摸绢素、王墨头项绢素作画，五代有徐熙作“落墨花”。宋代一些画家在前人实践的基础上，进一步尝试新的、潇洒放纵、奔放淋漓的画法，所以龚开的马与梁楷的泼墨人物，以及一些擅长水墨花卉的画家，是宋代一边倒的院画风中大胆变革的一批画家，他们的探索和创造推动了中国画的发展。龚开画马的方法引起了历代美术评论家的注意，在《画鉴》、《图绘宝鉴》、《珊瑚网卷》、《绘事备考》、《佩文斋书画谱》等等许多画论、画史著作中都有记载，虽然评论家们受时代、环境所囿，认识不清这一创新画马的意义而褒贬不一，但他们都一致肯定这是龚开画法的特殊之处。因此可以说，龚开开创了写意画马之先河，为写意画马之第一人!攀龚开画马从主题之深度、意境之特殊技巧之新颖而有别于他的前辈，在中国画史上具有其独特的地位。
龚开是最早记录水浒三十六人姓名和绰号的艺术家，他为水浒英雄写像早在《水浒传》成书之前，所作《宋江三十六人赞并序》，赞扬宋江“识性超卓，有过人者”，“为盗贼之圣”。这36人，除宋江外，有后来《水浒传》中的主要人物吴学究（吴用）、卢俊义、鲁智深、武松、李逵，以及阮小七、刘唐、阮小二、戴宗、阮小五等，为《水浒传》的研究提供了极有价值的资料。龚开对中国绘画史、文学史有开创性的贡献。但是由于他在宋亡后隐居，限制了他的影响范围，直至近代美术评论家，还认为他仅仅是一个善画马的画家，没有给龚开以应有的地位。

龚开画作

Gong Kai (1222 ～ 1304) poet of end of the Southern Song Dynasty, painter. Word emperor grants, make emperor and, date emerald green cliff, because of hill of domestic close Mian, old man of date chelonian city, person beard Gong, old beard. Shan Yang (today Jiangsu the Huaihe River is installed) person. Between Jing Dingnian, ever made buy manage government office of Li Tingzhi act holds a post in two the Huaihe River, live in seclusion after the Southern Song Dynasty is ruined not be an official, with and other places of city of Yu Hang of come-and-go of identity of surviving adherent of a former dynasty, smooth river. Essence of life at classics art, industry of book of be apt to is drawn, blame character of arrogate to oneself, landscape, have " chelonian city old man " collect this.
When Gong Kai is born, song Zhengquan already was forced south change, found a capital is faced install 95 years. Shade of his birthplace the Huaihe River, be in boundary of gold of the Song Dynasty. In the fight fighting gold of a symbol of war, ever appeared lintel balas such heroine. Gong Kai from a child suffers an environment to a kind of sweet grass catch, youthful when cohabitational An Ling of Ceng Yuliu's beautiful husband (today Yangzhou) act government office, scene calm make buy department inspect for two the Huaihe River, wu of tax of liquor of administer tea salt, field asks for the job that loses the casting that reach smelt metal, to revive room of the Song Dynasty earnestly practise what one advocates. Be in yuan of army cut down destroy in the process of the Southern Song Dynasty, although Gong Kai already passed 5 a period of ten years in one's age, still take in Fujian, short for Zhejiang Province attend fight yuan of activity.
After the Song Dynasty dies, he was written " Song Wencheng according to legend " , the achievement of Wen Tianxiang of record and narrate, " fact of gentleman of land of the Song Dynasty is passed " , " foreword of elegy of collect land Jun Shi " the achievement that account concerns Liu Xiufu and the elegy of the friend after its are dead, between the lines is full of the respect and admire of antagonism Yuan Yingxiong's character. As adherents of a former dynasty, although he lives extreme difficult is disconcerted tired out, still hold to not be an official, preserve one's moral integrity, the Yu Su that post mark, Hangzhou one belt, make a living in order to sell a painting. Sometimes although come " establish a stopping Ru, sit very few banquet " , and must make its child " on proneness couch, press paper with respect to its back " (Wu Lai " Sang Haiwei records foreword " ) , it is thus clear that its make the difficult position of the picture. His picture " hold piece, the person alwayses with tens of gold Yi Zhi, jie hereat not be hungry, place is begged and die in order to not have unexpectedly like that. " when the painter that person admire possesses excellent skill so, more admire he " records division already high " . King Ao weighs his " Shang Jie is angry " (" aunt Su Zhi " ) ; Yang Zai weighs his " political integrity solid is much stranger " (" Huang Li bastinado grants for Gong Sheng " ) ; Wu Lai calls its " the person that do not have negative Yu Xiufu " !
Open male offspring about Gong, know its to have two only today child renown dredge and salty, all picture of be apt to; Have one additionally female, ceng Ju. The others circumstance is unspecified.
Gong Kaizhu has " collect of chelonian city old man " 1, appendix 1, have Mao Ansheng part this, income " Hunan city a series of books " the 1st collect. Picture of be handed down from ancient times decides want to have, the United States nots holding of benefit Er art " Zhongshan go on a journey pursues " roll, Japanese Osaka city establishs art holding " fine horse bone pursues " roll.
The everybody of horse of picture of Chinese past dynasties thering is no lack of, gong Kai's ancestors Cao bully, Han Gan, Li Gonglin the work be handed down from ancient times of paint from life of promising drive horse. Gongkai draws Ma Shicao, Han, get the idea of divine fine horse, he ever had been drawn with the gimmick of Cao, Han " spare time of Tang Taizong day 10 graphs aing thoroghbred horse " , " Tang Dezong Wang Yunzhui pursues " . According to account, his work that draw a horse still has " Yu Bao pursues " , " Tangmatu " , " thin Ma Tu " (also say " fine horse bone pursues " ) , " forces intent " , " day Ma Tu " , " a dark horse. Gong leaves to feel in order to draw equestrian express affection, place his passion to the motherland and people, the positive attribute that lends expression the horse -- strong and vigorous, quick, will express the individual's ideal and aspiration, the ruler that reachs pair of Song Wangchao sad the mood that its do not contend for its misfortune, anger. He is in for many times in preface and postscript, draw a horse of fine breed to associate to the scene of flourishing age from the Western Regions, he is yearning build result establish line of business, when but be born,meeting, aspiration have no way comes true. "Fine horse of city of a thousand pieces of gold unmanned already, loose coal of bald writing brush talks about contented " (" Yu Bao pursues " ) , "There is character of whose pity fine horse now, movie of sanded bank of the setting sun is like hill " (" thin Ma Tu " ) . His sigh plaints, place a hope only at future. He is in " tall Ma Xiaoer pursues " in subject method: "Such children is such horse, should need 10 thousand people the other day enemy " , the appeal " the talent is become less oneself cherish " . Gong Kaitong draws poem of horse, problem too; Convey oneself mood.
The horse that Gong Kai draws with " mane of mist of wind hair on the neck of a pig, bone of a person of extraordinary powers orchid muscle " steed is a characteristic, die more the record that report seeks wind, and much more breathtaking rare appearance. Yuan forces attain in " Gong Sheng grants to draw thin Ma Hang " write in one poem: "... extremely windy limit considers when the picture, think of 10 thousand lis of Sha Sheng to faint. Coagulate hole of essence of life looks look changeless, distant and out of sight 100 body are put in dark. Plant depression via adding up to equipment to wet, bazoo of Yang Shouming day is about to move. Gas a person of extraordinary powers is like contend for with divine dragon, dream of dirt of Jing of report of disease thunder fast. Yao Qi of the go whoring that recall yesterday is war, cloud coming back turns mist flies 4 hoof. Quickly and completely steps broken Guan Shanxue, return sweat blood smooth dripping wet. ... " he for many times direct with " thin Ma Tu " the problem that it is a picture, arris of arris of the horse in the picture shows 15 costal region, those who highlight expressional steed is bold and powerful and martial.
Look from brushwork, from Tang Zhi Cao bully, Han Gan, Wei falls on his back, the Li Gonglin to the Song Dynasty, yuan Zhao Meng is irritated, the horse in their work, it is fertilizer of the fat that be gotten by feed put oneself in another's position is strong, act carefully behaves Ma Feng's full physique. The calligraphy or drawing on brushwork is close fine, chromatic apply colours to a drawing does not show a trace. And Gong Kai however have an original style, create " draw method is very rough " enjoyable brushwork, with the picture wind of free and easy and succinct line, bold and unconstrained, reflect equestrian spirit, momentum, the dream of land of recover of author of hover of express fetch dream, the theme of the picture and artistic skill got the unity with perfect height.
Well-known, chinese ancient time draws in the Song Dynasty multitask is sent before, song Dai more in order to be versed in fine gorgeous brushwork is on. But rise from Tang Dynasty, piece of impetuous hand touchs thin silk element, Wang Mo head thin silk element makes a picture, the Five Dynasties has Xu Xi to make " fall Chinese ink is beautiful " . A few painters are in Songdai on the foundation that forefathers carries out, farther trial is new, the brushwork of cheesy abandon, bold and unrestrained dripping wet, the splash-ink character of the horse that so Gong opens and Liang Jie, and a few painters that are good at flowers of water Chinese ink, in the courtyard picture wind that is acting lean to one side of the Song Dynasty bold a batch of changing painters, their exploration and creation promoted the development that China draws. Gongkai drew equestrian method to cause the attention of essayist of past dynasties art, in " drawing warning " , " graph draw Bao Jian " , " coral net coils " , " paint job fors reference " , " chart of painting and calligraphy of admire Wen Zhai " wait a lot of pictures a moment to talk, there is account in picture history composing, although essayist people suffer animal farm of place of times, environment, understanding is not clear this one innovation draws equestrian import and commend differ, but the special place that they affirm consistently to this is Gong Kaihua law. Because this can say, gong Kaikai achieved freehand brushwork in traditional Chinese painting to draw Mazhi beginning, draw the first person of the horse for freehand brushwork in traditional Chinese painting! Pan Gong opens picture horse of the special skill of the deepness from the theme, artistic conception novel and have fasten the elder at him, in China its distinctive place is had on picture history.
Gong Kai is waterside of water of the earliest record the artist of 36 people full name and byname, he is written for water waterside hero resemble be in early " Shui Hu is passed " before becoming a book, be made " Song Jiang 36 people assist and foreword " , river of praiseful the Song Dynasty " knowledge sex exceeds eminent, have outstanding person " , "The emperor that is bandits " . This 36 people, outside dividing Song Jiang, have later " Shui Hu is passed " medium main character Wu Xue investigate (Wu Yong) , Lu Jun justice, Lu Zhi deep, Wu Song, Li Kui, and Ruan Xiaoqi, Liu Tang, Ruan Xiaoer, Dai Zong, Ruan Xiaowu, for " Shui Hu is passed " research provided extremely valuable data. Gong Kai to China brushwork history, literature history has the contribution that initiates a gender. But live in seclusion after the Song Dynasty dies as a result of him, restricted his incidence, till recent painting essayist, still think he is the painter of horse of picture of a be apt to merely, did not give the position that Gong opens to have in order to answer.