笪重光(1623-1692),清朝书画家。字在辛,号君宜,又号蟾光、逸叟、江上外史、郁冈扫叶道人,晚年居茅山学道改名传光、蟾光,亦署逸光,号奉真、始青道人,江苏省句容人。一江苏丹徒人作。顺治九年进士,官御史,巡按江西,以劾明珠去官。罢官归乡,隐居茅山之麓,学导引,读丹书,潜心于道教。卒年七十。笪重光工书善画,与姜宸英、汪士鋐、何焯称四大家。精古文辞。有《书筏》、《画筌》传世。
笪重光,顺治九年(1652年)进士,官御史,为人刚正,敢于直言,顺治十二年奉派到江西巡按,对江西分巡湖东道佥事李嘉猷贪酷不法,严词参劾。因李嘉猷在朝中有权贵作后台,笪重光反被革职,后被判刑收赎,“永不叙用”。罢官归乡,隐居茅山之麓,学导引,读丹书,潜心于道教,康熙十一年(1672年)尝作《仿元人山水》轴,著录于《虚斋名画录》。卒年七十。笪重光工书善画,与姜宸英、汪士鋐、何焯称四大家。精古文辞,有《书筏》、《画筌》传世
笪重光(1623-1692),清朝书画家。字在辛,号君宜,又号蟾光、逸叟、江上外史,
笪重光书法
自称郁冈扫叶道人,晚年居茅山学道改名传光、蟾光,亦署逸光,号奉真、始青道人,江苏省句容市白兔镇茅庄村人。顺治九年(1652)进士,官御史,巡按江西,以劾明珠去官。罢官归乡,隐居茅山之麓,学导引,读丹书,潜心于道教。卒年七十。笪重光工书善画,与姜宸英、汪士鋐、何焯称四大家。精古文辞,康熙十一年(1672)尝作《仿元人山水》轴,著录于《虚斋名画录》。
笪重光生活的时代,正是董书最盛之期,由于他在书法上并不随顺时流而能逸出董书风气,并且过早地退出了政治舞台(中心)而隐居乡里,所以他的书法一直没有受到应有的关注。在当时及之后论及清初书家的书论中,很少提到他,也很少把他和姜宸英、汪退谷、何焯诸家并提。一直要到了清代中期,他的同乡王文治(字禹卿,号梦楼)才对他的书法推崇备至,且推论其书不遗余力,如云:吾乡笪江上先生书格超妙,小字尤佳。盖先生自解组后隐居句曲山中,读丹书、学导引、游神于尘滓之外,故所作书飘然有凌云之气。国朝善书之家如先生者未可数觏见也。(《快雨堂题跋·笪江上尺牍》)
又云:国初善书之家如华亭沈绎堂、慈溪姜西溟皆能胎乳古人,
摆脱时径。至于披露天真,俾字里行间飘飘然有凌云之意,则吾乡之笪江上先生所独也。(《快雨堂题跋·笪江上书江冷阁集序》)
直欲置其书于沈绎堂(荃)、姜西溟(宸英)之上,而为清初书法之冠。这里虽然难免“于乡先辈不能无私”,但包世臣在其所撰《艺舟双楫·国朝书品》中将笪重光行书置“能品下”第三名(在笪重光前者为神品、妙品上一人邓石如;妙品下二人刘墉小真书、姚鼐行草书;能品上七人释邱山真及行书、宋珏分及榜书、傅山草书、姜宸英行书、邓石如草书、刘墉榜书、黄乙生行榜书;能品下二十三人王铎草书、周亮工草书……),也可谓评价极高了。
关于笪重光书法之取径,王文治在《快雨堂题跋·笪江上尺牍》中有很详细的论述:
江上书上至章草下至苏米,靡所不习,恨不能确然指其得笔之渊源。然其游丝袅空、萧然自得之处,无所秉承不能独造也。一日偶临嵇叔夜《绝交书》,恍然大悟曰:此吾乡江上先生之书之所自出也。自此以后,凡见笪书无一点一画不了然其来处矣。赵鸥波云:“昔人得古刻数行,专心学之便可名世。”真甘苦之言欤。
王文治此语虽然只是一己之推测,但他对笪书如此穷索苦究,应该也是能比较接近事实的。嵇叔夜《绝交书》今日虽不可见其真貌,但总之笪重光的书法取法魏晋应该也是可信的。笪重光书法魏晋,特别是嵇叔夜,正和他的性格相契。这是可以以他的诗为证的。其诗曰:“野水桥边旧业存,数间茅屋向乾坤。太平一半深山得,何必承明始是恩。”诗的意境和用典都出自七绝圣手王昌龄的《长信秋词》,表现出一种洒脱不羁的气质和归隐山林的志趣,是其人、其诗、其书完满合一的体现。所以王文治评其书“无纤毫尘滓气也”,正是其高出众人之处,也是别人所难到处。
笪重光并善画,与王、恽南田交游,互有影响,“江上之画特书之绪余,而一对恽王便入作家辙轨,此友朋之益也”(《快雨堂题跋·笪恽王三家合册》)。庞元济《虚斋名画录·笪江上仿元人笔意轴》中附录王恽二家题跋:“笔致飘潇,矫然出群,视余图何止十倍胜也。”(王)“笔不到处致有高韵,非近日庸史所能梦见。”(恽南田)正可见二人对其画推崇备至。
笪重光并有《书筏》《画筌》二书传世。其论书曰“匡廓之白,手布均齐;散乱之白,眼布匀称”,是中国古代自孔子以来儒家“和”的思想在美学中的充分体现,说其“皆由甘苦中流出”也并非虚誉。
昆仑堂美术馆藏笪重光小楷《嘉州集》一册,录五言律二十四首。《嘉州集》是唐代诗人岑参的诗集,通行本作《岑嘉州集》。岑参官嘉州刺史,因此得名。此册共十开,每开长二十一点五厘米,宽十二厘米,唯独第十开略窄(长二十一点五厘米,宽八厘米)。又册中诗题与诗往往分布前后两页(凡四处),一处则诗中分为两页,疑此作原为一小手卷,后割裱成册。册前有王文治题署,曰“江上先生真迹,松下清斋鉴藏,文治”,钤“王氏禹卿”朱文印,弥足珍贵。王文治称笪重光“小楷法度尤严,纯以唐法运魏晋超妙之致……以《曹娥》仰追《宣示》,乎登钟傅之堂矣。”(《快雨堂题跋·笪江上书江冷阁集序》)观此册字形宽展,捺画闲闲逸出,颇见雅意,亦合于“气之舒展在撇捺”(《书筏》)。此册前后共钤笪重光印十一枚(其中“直指之章”“江上笪氏图书印”重复),册尾钤“笪”“笪重光印”诸印以代款字,亦颇具一格。
笪重光的小楷书传世极少,所以此册尤显珍贵。
横画之发笔仰,竖画之发笔俯,撇之发笔重,奈之发笔轻,折之发笔顿,裹之发笔圆,点之发笔挫,钩之发笔利,一呼之发笔露,一应之发笔藏,分布之发笔宽,结构之发笔紧。清.笪重光《书筏》
横不能平,竖不能直,腕不能展,目不能注,分布终不能工;分布不工,规矩终不能圆备;规矩有亏,难云法书矣。清.笪重光《书筏》
传世作品有顺治十七年作《松溪清话图》,图录于《神州国光集》;康熙二十五年(1686)作《柳阴钓船图》轴,藏日本大阪市立美术馆。《秋雨孤舟图》及《行书七律诗轴》,均藏北京故宫博物院。小楷《嘉州集》一册,录五言律二十四首。著有《书筏》、《画筌》,王翚、恽寿平作评注,曲尽精微,有裨后学。其人在当时不仅为四大书画家之一,而且有“官御史,有直名”之誉称。风骨棱棱,虽权贵亦惮之。书、画名重一时,书法苏米,笔意超逸,与姜西溟(宸英)、汪退谷(士鋐)、何义门(焯)齐名,称四大家。最为王文治所称服。山水得南徐气象,其高情逸趣,横溢毫端。兼写兰竹,精鉴赏。恽寿平、王翚尝主其家。
笪重光书法
通篇用骈文体对偶文字写成,一气贯注地讲述山水画理论和技法,兼及人物画和花鸟画。持论精微透彻,发前人所未发,是清代高水平的画论著作。文中逐段有王翚、恽寿平所加评语,篇末有作者的跋语。 空本难图,实景清而空景现;神无可绘,真境逼而神境生。位置相戾,有画处多属赘疣;虚实相生,无画处皆成妙境。-------《画筌》
译文:虚空本来就难以画出来,实在的景物被去除,那么虚空的景显露出来了。精神、神气很难画出来,实在的境界被隐去,神奇的境界就产生了。虚和实位置相反,画的景物不和谐,有画的地方大多属于多余的累赘。虚和实互相作用、生发,没有画的地方也能构成奇妙的境界。
现存《书筏》现存28则,综论笔法、墨法、布白、风韵等,论述精明扼要,可惜段落零散,很可能不是全文。
"Picture Basket" was printed in the summer of 1668, the seventh year of Kangxi, with more than 4000 words in its full text, regardless of chapters.
Duan Chongguang (1623-1692), a painter and calligrapher of the Qing Dynasty. The characters are Xin, Junyi, Bungguang, Yisuo, Jiangshang Foreign History, Yugang Sao Ye Taoist. In his later years, he changed his name to Chuanguang, Bungguang, Yiguang, Fengzhen, Shiqing Taoist and Jurong, Jiangsu Province. A river of Sudanese apprenticeship. Shunzhi nine years of Jinshi, the official imperial history, patrol Jiangxi, to impeach the Pearl to the official. Returning home from official strikes, living in seclusion at the foot of Maoshan Mountain, learning to guide, reading Danshu, concentrating on Taoism. He died seventy years ago. Chuan Chongguang is good at painting and calligraphy, and he Chenying Jiang, Wang Shilian and He Zhuo are four famous artists. Exquisite ancient diction. There are "book raft" and "painting basket" handed down.
Shunzhi nine years (1652) Jinshi, official and imperial history, integrity, dare to speak frankly, Shunzhi twelve years were sent to Jiangxi to inspect, to Jiangxi Sub-lake East Road, Li Jiajun's corruption, cruelty and punishment. Because Li Jiaju had the power and dignity to act as the backstage in the dynasty, he was dismissed and sentenced to redemption. Returning home from official strikes, living in seclusion at the foot of Maoshan Mountain, learning guidance, reading Danshu and devoting himself to Taoism, Kangxi 11 years (1672) tasted the axis of "Imitating Yuan Landscape" and recorded in the "Xuzhai Name Picture List". He died seventy years ago. Chuan Chongguang is good at painting and calligraphy, and he Chenying Jiang, Wang Shilian and He Zhuo are four famous artists. Jinggu Ci has been handed down to the generations of Bookraft and Picture Basket.
Self-proclaimed Yu Gang Sweeping Ye Taoist, in his later years, he renamed Maoshan School Road Chuanguang and Bungguang, also named Yiguang, Fengzhen and Shiqing Taoist, and was a native of Maozhuang Village, Baituo Town, Jurong City, Jiangsu Province. In the ninth year of Shunzhi (1652), Jinshi, the official and imperial history, visited Jiangxi to impeach the Pearl to go to the official. Returning home from official strikes, living in seclusion at the foot of Maoshan Mountain, learning to guide, reading Danshu, concentrating on Taoism. He died seventy years ago. Chuan Chongguang is good at painting and calligraphy, and he Chenying Jiang, Wang Shilian and He Zhuo are four famous artists. Jinggu Ci, Kangxi 11 years (1672) tasted the "imitated Yuan Ren Landscape" axis, recorded in the "Xuzhai Name Pictures Catalogue".
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