汪中(1744—1794年),字容甫,江都(今属江苏扬州)人,祖籍安徽歙县。清朝时期著名的哲学家、文学家、史学家,与阮元、焦循同为“扬州学派” 的杰出代表。
乾隆四十二年(1777)为拔贡,后绝意仕进。遍读经史百家之书,卓然成家。能诗,工骈文,所作《哀盐船文》,为杭世骏所叹赏,因此文名大显。精于史学,曾博考先秦图书,研究古代学制兴废。著有《述学》6卷、《广陵通典》10卷、《容甫遗诗》6卷等。
汪中,七岁丧父,家贫,无力求学,由寡母邹氏启蒙。十四岁入书店当学徒,才有博览经史百家书籍的机会,故扬州民间云“无书不读是汪中”。工骈文,27岁时作《哀盐船文》,为杭世骏所叹赏,评为“惊心动魄,一字千金”。清乾隆二十八年(1763年),以《射雁赋》应试,列扬州府第一名,补诸生。乾隆三十三年(1768年),乡试落第,遂不复应试,专心治学。汪中早年家贫,营养失调,又过于劳心劳力,以致于闻更鼓鸡犬声,心跳加速,夜不成寐。乾隆四十二年(1777年),举为拔贡生,历为太平知府沈业富、宁绍台道冯廷丞、安徽学政朱筠管书记。乾隆四十八年(1783年),在南京协助编纂《南巡盛典》。乾隆五十五年(1790年),应聘至镇江文宗阁检校《四库全书》,乾隆五十九年(1794年),扶病前往杭州文澜阁检校《四库全书》;是年冬,积劳成疾,卒于西湖葛岭园僧舍。汪中去世后,镇江、杭州两地都举行了祭祀汪中活动。四方文士聚而拜祭,阮元书题“述德诵芳”匾、李兆洛署“仰之弥高”额,这些活动,从一个侧面证实汪中对《四库全书》的贡献得到世人的承认和赞扬,其事迹影响着后来人,名儒杭世骏以为“惊心动魄,一字千金”,郑虎文、朱筠等名儒称汪为奇才,被誉为“天地间有数之奇文”。
汪中私淑顾炎武,为经世致用之学。在哲学、史学、文学方面都有一定成就。所作骈文,在清代骈文中被誉为格调最高。刘台拱《遗诗题辞》评为:“钩贯经史,熔铸汉唐,宏丽渊雅,卓然自成一家。”他27岁时所作《哀盐船文》,对扬州江面某次渔船失火时,人声哀号、衣絮乱飞的惨状和大火前后的氛围作了形象的描述,对船民的不幸遭难表示深切的同情,描写生动,文笔高古,杭世骏评为“惊心动魄,一字千金”。抒情骈文善于“状难写之情,含不尽之意”(李详《汪容甫先生赞序》),如《经旧苑吊马守真文》,对明末名妓马湘兰寄以同情、悼念,以自己的困顿随人之痛,与马湘兰的沦落风尘之悲相共鸣,表现出一个具有正义感的士人对封建礼教的强烈愤慨;在《吊黄祖文》中,借古人祢衡“虽枉天年,竟获知己”的遭遇,写自己“飞辨骋辞,未闻心赏”的不平之叹,发出了“苟吾生得一遇兮,虽报以死而何辞”的强烈呼声;《狐父之盗颂》更是一篇愤世嫉俗之作,文中认为世俗所谓“盗”,是“悲心内激,直行无挠”的仁义之士,相比之下,当世许多人“孰如其仁”,汪氏甚至直呼“孰为盗者?我将托焉!”感情强烈充沛,语言明快锋利。其他象《黄鹤楼铭》、《汉上琴台之铭》、《先母邹孺人灵表》、《广陵对》、《自叙》等篇,无论叙事抒情,都能吸收魏晋六朝骈文之长,写得情致高远,意度雍容,而且用典属对,精当贴切。他的论辩文章显示出“于时流不轻许可”(江藩《汪中记》)的胆识,如《妇人无主答问》中驳方苞即其例。他的论学著作或阐明古书通例,如《释三九》;或纠弹理学谬误,如《大学平义》;或表章周秦诸子之学,如《墨子序》,对墨学推崇备至,认为墨学在当时为显学,墨子为救世之仁人,力辩孟子辟墨为过枉。又曾作《荀卿子通论》,以为“荀卿之学出于孔氏,而尤有功于诸经”,称“孔荀”而不称“孔孟”,以异于宋儒“道统”说。因其为墨子、荀子翻案,在当时曾被统治者视为“名教之罪人”。王引之《汪中行状》总评其文说:“陶冶汉魏,不沿欧、曾、王、苏之派,而取则于古,故卓然成一家言。”
著有《述学》 6卷。《广陵通典》10卷,《容甫遗诗》 6卷。近人古直选其若干骈文作注,名《汪容甫文笺》,有人民文学出版社本。
清藏书家。字容甫。祖籍安徽歙县,迁居江苏扬州。少贫穷,买
书于书肆,于书贾借阅群经阅读,久之,遂博览群书。早年入朱筠门下,乾隆四十二年(1777)拔贡生,以母老不赴考,专心于经学研究,晚岁巡盐御史全德闻其名,使司文汇阁所藏四库书。曾点校文宗阁、文澜阁所藏《四库全书》。与王念孙、刘台拱、江德量等人为书友。刘台拱称他“藏书多善本,朱墨灿然,横列座右,杂以金石彝器之属,凡数十年未尝去手”。藏书家陈鳣也记其“家藏宋元别集,多人间未见之书,皆从掌理阁书时所抄藏”。藏书楼名“问理堂”,庋藏图书数万卷。五十九年(1794),以检校往杭州,卒子西湖葛岭僧舍,藏书印有“江都汪氏问理堂收藏印”、“容夫校定”、“甘泉汪氏抄秘书之一”等。著有《广陵通典》、《秦蚕食六国表》、《述学》内外篇、《容甫先生遗诗》、《知新记》、《金陵地图考》、《春秋述义》等。
汪中是清嘉乾年间有名的文人和学者,扬州人,幼年丧父。母亲带着他们姐弟三人,求告无门,苦苦挣扎。他少年帮书店卖书,酷爱读书,经过刻苦自修,诗文自成一格。汪中为人,对朋友无私帮助,对母亲至孝,但以才华自负,睥睨当世文人,好骂也善骂,是清代考据文人中少见的至情至性的人物。
汪中肄于安定书院,每一山长至,辄挟经史疑难数事请质。或不能对,即大笑出。当时担任定山书院山长的有性灵派诗人蒋士铨,自然也遭到汪中的挑衅,至于蒋士铨一生对汪中耿耿于怀。汪中虽然自负,学术上的知己却不少。焦循《雕菰集》卷二十一有《亡友汪晋蕃传》,亦及汪中。“汪容甫曰:晋蕃,长者也,可与论文。余尝冬夜与晋蕃饮容甫斋阁,快论至三鼓。雪深二尺许,容甫酣卧榻上,睨曰:他人不易有也。不二十年,超宗、容甫、晋蕃先后没世,回思若旦夕事,悲哉!”(焦循《雕菰集》,《续修四库全书》)焦循也是当时扬州学派的代表人物,以研究《周易》、《孟子》和天文历法而闻名。
清朝的汪中生于扬州,其言不在体制的三界内,其状常跳出礼序的五行外,算得上是清朝文坛与学界的“一怪”吧。
汪中七岁那年父亲死了,家里穷得揭不开锅,就辍学了,母亲开了个“家族小企业”,专门生产布鞋。应该说送孩子读书的钱是有的,但她母亲也许觉得学校里的“应试教育”很害人,也就不送他上学,她自己白天当老板,晚上当老师,居然把汪中教得博古通今。
汪中没进学堂,但他喜欢学堂,他常常到学堂里去玩,在学堂里读书的人,爱得“厌学症”,对老师布置的作业常常偷懒不做,就给汪中几粒糖或几个玩具,汪中给他们做作文,据说老师大为赞赏,汪中也就这样做了一个“编外学生”。长大以后,他还是爱去学堂,安定书院每来一个新“校长”,汪中腋窝下面便夹着经史子集,前往书院,一去就提出疑难问题,学堂老师常常回答不出,闹个大红脸,夹着尾巴赶紧走人。
汪中很狂,他爱骂人,谁都敢骂,什么都敢骂。他说扬州城里,读书读通了的只有三人——— 王念孙、刘台拱,排第一的当然是汪中。时有某士大夫者,写了一卷诗书,特来请汪中评定,汪中笑嘻嘻对他说:“君不在不通之列。”那人大喜过望,连连作谦虚状,汪中看他那副模样,大笑着说:“君再读三十年书,可望通矣。”汪中口才一般般。一次与洪亮吉同放一舟,高谈阔论,激烈争辩,不料洪亮吉铁嘴铜牙,滔滔雄辩,把汪中辩了个气急败坏,他动口动不赢,就动手,一把把洪亮吉推舟下水,呛得老洪直吐白沫,幸亏船夫水性好,把老洪给救了上来,不然真会闹出人命案来。
学而优则仕,读书人读那么多书,都是准备“货与帝王家”,赚养家糊口钱的。汪中早年也有过这念头,每次科举开试,他都参考。有一回,有个姓孟的督学主持江苏科考,踱步到汪中考桌旁,汪中为逞其才,三下五除二,考完了就交卷,大力拍桌子:“今日当吓死小孟矣!”他喊人家主考官“小孟”,自有科举以来,谁有如此壮举?他说当吓死小孟,意思是其才气吓人一跳。这个小孟呢,也是个好玩的人,出榜那天,把中举者全部公开上墙,从上到下,就是没有汪中,次日,“炮再九鸣,又四人扛一案出”,众人一瞧:“超超等第一汪中。”弄了一个恶作剧,把汪中吓了个半死,“小孟”就对汪中说:“前日小孟没吓死,昨日当吓死小汪矣。”汪中有才,而且考试也比较顺利,再去金銮殿一试,也许就可以弄个高官干干了,而汪中呢,却不干了。乾隆五十一年,吏部侍郎朱珪典试江南,行前放出话来:“吾此行必得汪中为首选。”可这个汪中听到这话后,却学习许由,赶紧“洗耳”去了,连名都不去报,这“首选”之事,自然也就无从谈起,汪中也就这样终身不仕。
在《清稗类钞》著述类中,儒林外史条,记载王容甫出妻孙氏事。其妻工吟咏,尝有句云:“人意好如秋后叶,一回相见一回疏。”汪中极不喜。一日晨出,忽潜回房,妻方梳头,中出其不意,自其后抱之。孙氏骇,问:“是何人敢尔相戏?”中遽怒,曰:“岂尚有他人敢如此乎?”故出之,为时论所薄。《类钞》云,《儒林外史》中之匡超人即暗指汪中。一个至情至性、充满人道精神的学者,岂能因这样的小事,无中生有地把发妻休掉?但《类钞》终究是属于野史,道听途说之言,所在多有。不过,在他的文集《述学》中对此事却似乎绝无提起。到底有无此事,并无确凿证据。清末扬州学者李详(字审言)的《汪容甫文笺》记载了事情的真相。汪中《自序》一文中曾自云与刘孝标之共同点:“孝标悍妻在室,家道轗轲。余受诈兴公,勃豀累岁,里繁言于乞火,家构衅于蒸梨,蹀躞东西,终成沟水。”《世说新语·假谲篇》:“王文度弟阿智,恶乃不翅(不翅即不啻,古语中乃多之意),当年长而无人与婚。孙兴公有一女,亦僻错,又无嫁娶理。因诣文度,求见阿智。既见,便扬言,此定可,殊不如人所传,那得至今未有婚处。我有一女,乃不恶,但吾寒士,不宜与卿计,欲令阿智娶之。文度欣然而启蓝田云:兴公向来,忽言欲与阿智婚,蓝田惊喜。既成婚,女之顽嚚欲过阿智,方知兴公之诈。”王氏之子问题人人皆知,兴公诈而嫁女。
当时如《清稗类钞》这样的道听途说是很多的。但有两个汪中的朋友,也是很严肃的学者对于孙氏的记载却并无任何诈术,凌廷堪《汪容甫墓志铭》:“初娶孙氏,不相能,援古礼出之。”并无诈术,只不过夫妇二人感情不好,如此而已。阮元《广陵诗事》:“汪容甫明经中,元配孙氏,工诗。有句云:‘人意好如秋后叶,一回相见一回疏。’有才如此,岂有越礼自弃通门,委如落叶。且既出后,不闻再蘸,包氏世臣犹及见之。”阮元的说法,有两个说不通的地方,其一,有才即一定有德(古人之德)?其二,未曾再嫁,即为有古之妇德?这在逻辑上都是说不通的。但以凌、阮二人的人品和声望,断不会妄言,故李审言信之,而诧异容甫何以厚诬其发妻。不过,从证据的角度,还是很可疑的, 虽然同为扬州学者(陵氏客居扬州甚久),但又怎能轻易知晓他人家事?
但毕竟凌、阮二氏的证言要比《清稗类钞》的证言有力得多,而且不是孤证。改变李审言对于汪中厚诬其妻的看法的更有力的证据,还是来自对汪中上面一段文字的解读。他说“勃豀”、“乞火”、“蒸梨”这些典故都是婆媳之间的事情。“勃豀”,此词之源头出自《庄子·外物》:“室无空虚,则妇姑勃豀。”唐代陆德明《经典释文》:“勃,争也;豀,空也。”司马彪注《后汉书》云:“勃豀,反戾也。无虚空以容其私,则反戾共斗争也。”其意指因为共有的空间过于狭小,导致婆媳这两个背景的女人容易产生摩擦和争斗。这在现代社会也是屡见不鲜的,更何况汪中家贫,容易引发矛盾也可以想见。“乞火”乃汉初谋臣蒯通所运用的一个比喻。《汉书·蒯通传》:“臣之里妇,与里之诸母相善也。里妇也亡肉,姑以为盗,怒而逐之。妇晨去,过所善诸母,语以事而谢之。里母曰:‘女安行,我今令而家追女矣。’即束缊乞火于亡肉家,曰:‘昨暮夜,犬得肉,争斗相杀,请火治之。’亡肉家遽追呼其妇。”自属婆媳之间的猜疑。“蒸梨”,见于《孔子家语·七十二弟子解》:“曾参,南武城人,后母遇之无恩,而供养不衰,及其妻以藜烝不熟而出之。”看来这里汪中用典有误,“蒸梨”当作“藜烝”,“藜”通“莱”,乃一种草,其叶可食。曾参后母对他不好,但他却因妻子把食物没有做熟而休妻。
“蹀躞”、“沟水”之典出自汉代卓文君的《白头吟》。司马相如想娶另外的女子为妾,卓文君作《白头吟》以自绝,相如乃止。《白头吟》:“今日斗酒会,明日沟水头。蹀躞御沟上,沟水东西留。”如此看来,汪中所谓兴公使诈,纯属为其母与出妻事的关系开脱,正所谓至孝之子也。后面的内容则揭出了问题的实质,乃婆媳关系恶劣所致。汪中之子汪喜孙在其《孤儿篇·汪氏母行记》对此有说法:“先君容甫先生初娶孙,好诗,不事家生计。邹太宜人(汪中母亲)独事井爨,有二姑相助为理。于归后,弗能同亲操作,遂归老母氏之党。”说白了,孙氏是个知识女性,不善也不愿做家务,遭致辛勤劳苦大半生的婆婆的不满,孝子汪中,虽与妻子感情很好,却无奈出妻。
梅花
孤馆寒梅发,春风款款来。
故园花落尽,江上一枝开。
白门感旧
秋来无处不销魂,箧里春衫半有痕。
到眼云山随处好,伤心耆旧几人存。
扁舟夜雨时闻笛,落叶西风独掩门。
十载江湖生白发,华年如水不堪论。
别母
细雨春灯夜欲分,白头闲坐话艰辛。
出门便是天涯路,明日思亲梦里人。
Wang (1744-1794), the word capacity Fu, Jiangdu (this is a Jiangsu Yangzhou) people, native of Anhui Shexian. Qing Dynasty famous philosopher, writer, historian, and Ruan Yuan, Jiao Xun with "Yangzhou school" outstanding representative.
Forty-two years of Qianlong (1777) for the pull Gong, after the Italian official. Through the history of 100 books, Zoran married. Can poetry, the work of parallel prose, the "Ai salt ship text", as the Hang Shih-chan by the reward, so the text was significant. Proficient in history, Zeng Boqian pre-Qin books, study of ancient learning system. Author of "Shu" 6 volumes, "Guangling Tongdian" 10 volumes, "Rong Fu left poem" 6 volumes.
Wang, seven-year-old death of his father, poor family, unable to study, widowed by widow Zou Enlightenment. 14-year-old into the bookstore as an apprentice, have the opportunity to browse through the history of 100 books, so Yangzhou folk cloud "no book is not read Wang." Work parallel prose, 27 years of age for the "sorrow ship salt text", as the Hang Shih-chan sigh, rated as "thrilling, word daughter." Twenty-eight years of Qing Emperor Qianlong (1763), to "Sheep Fu" examination, listed Yang state first, make up all students. Thirty-three years of Qianlong (1768), rural down, then no longer exam, concentrate on scholarship. Wang in the early years of family poverty, malnutrition, and too labor, so that more drums Chicken sound, heart rate, night sleepless. Forty-two years of Qianlong (1777), cited as pulling Gongsheng, calendar for the Pacific prefect Shen Ye Fu, Ning Shao Road, Feng Tingcheng, Anhui Xue Zheng Zhu Jun tube secretary. Qianlong forty-eight years (1783), in Nanjing to assist in the compilation of "Southern Tour Festival." Fifty-five years of Qianlong (1790), candidates to Zhenjiang Wenzong Court School of Sikuquanshu, fifty-nine years of Qianlong (1794), aids to Hangzhou Wenlan Court Sikuquanshu; , Overworked, died in the West Lake Ge Lingyuan shag. After the death of Wang Zhong, Zhenjiang, Hangzhou, both held a sacrificial activities in Wang. These activities, from one side to prove that Wang Zhong's contribution to the "Si Ku Quan Shu" has been recognized and praised by the people of the world, Li Zhaoluo's "Yang Mi high" amount, , Its deeds affect the later people, the famous Confucian Hang Shijun that "thrilling, word daughter", Zheng Hu Wen, Zhu Yun and other famous scholars known as the Wizards Wang, known as "between heaven and earth the number of Qi Wen.
Wang Zhongshu Shu Gu Yanwu, for the study of practical knowledge. In philosophy, history, literature has certain achievements. The parallel prose, in the Qing Dynasty prose known as the highest style. Liu Taigu "poem inscriptions" as: "hook through the history of casting Han and Tang Dynasties, Hong Liyuan Ya, Zoran into a self." He was 27 years old made "sad salt boat text", a fishing boat Yangzhou River fire , The tragic voice of the human voice, the tragedy of clothes flying around and the atmosphere before and after the fire made the image of the description of the tragedy of the boat people expressed deep sympathy for the depiction of vivid, high-style ancient writing, Hang Shih-Jun as "thrilling, word daughter." Such as "by the Old Court hanging horse to keep the truth", the late Ming courtesan Ma Xianglan sent sympathy, mourning, to the late Ming Court of Miao Xianglan sentimental, His own distress with the human pain, and Ma Xianglan's fallen dust sympathy resonance, showing a sense of justice of the feudal ethical code of strong dissatisfaction with the people; in the "hanging Huang Zuwen", by the ancients Mi Heng " Issued a "Gou Wu Sheng was a case of Xi, although reported to the death and what speech," the strong voice; "fox", "I do not know the heart of the song" "Pirates" is the "heart of compassion, straight without a scratch," the benevolent righteous people, by contrast, when the world many people, "as its benevolence," the so-called " , Wang and even address him, "What is the Pirates? I will care Yan!" Strongly affectionate, sharp language sharp. The other works, such as "Yellow Crane Tower Ming", "Han Shang Qin Tai Ming", "first mother Zou Ru Ren Ling table", "Guangling on", "autobiography" and other articles, regardless of narrative lyrical, can absorb the Wei and Jin Dynasties Long, written lofty sentiment, meaning grace, but also with the code is right, when aptitude appropriate. His argumentation shows the courage of "the flow of time is not light" (Jiang Fan "Wang Zhong Ji") courage, such as "the woman without the main question and answer," refuting Fang Bao is its example. His works or to clarify the ancient books of general, such as the "release of 39"; or correction of science errors, such as "University of peace"; or the chapter of the Zhou and Zhou school, such as "Mo" He believed that Mohism was an outstanding person at that time, and Mozi was a benevolent person to save the world. But also for the "Xun Qing sub-general theory", that "Xun Qing of Confucius for the study, and especially merit in the classics," said "Kongxun" rather than "Confucius and Mencius" to different from the Song Confucian "orthodoxy" Say. Because of its Mozi, Xunzi verdict, at the time by the rulers as "the sinner of sin". Wang cited the "Wang Zhongxingxing" General comments on the text, said: "to cultivate the Han Wei, not along Europe, has, Wang, Su of the school, and take the ancient, it is a statement.
Author of "Shu" 6 volumes. "Guangling Tongdian" 10 volumes, "Rong Fu left poem" 6 volumes. Near the ancient direct election of some of its parallel prose note, "Wang Rongfu We
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