《阿尔诺芬尼夫妇像》（The Arnolfini Portrait，全名：Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife ，又译：“乔凡尼·阿诺芬尼夫妇像 ”或“阿诺菲尼夫妇 ”或“阿诺芬尼夫妇像”）是尼德兰画家扬·凡·艾克1434年创作的一幅木板油画，现藏于英国国家美术馆（伦敦国家美术馆）。
该油画描绘了尼德兰典型的富裕市民的新婚家庭，逼真地刻画了阿诺芬尼夫妇肖像。该画用色十分细腻，画中的主人翁是阿尔诺芬尼和他的新婚妻子。阿尔诺芬尼举着右手，似在宣誓。他的妻子则虔诚地微低着头，伸出右手表示永作丈夫的忠实伴侣。画家对环境一一进行刻画。真实地描绘了典型的资产者形象，不仅再现夫妇的外貌和个性特征，而且对室内的环境什物作了极其逼真的描绘，显示了画家特殊的造型才能。《阿尔诺芬尼夫妇像》不但是新型油画深入表现的最早尝试，也是后来发展起来的风俗画和室内画最早的先例。
阿尔诺芬尼是1420年被菲力蒲公爵封为骑士真实人物，在画上拘泥而彬彬有礼地正和他新婚妻子在洞房中迎接贵客：他举起了右手，表示一种仪式，象征矢志爱情；新娘则伸出右手，放在新郎的左手上，宣誓要永远做丈夫的忠实伴侣。华贵臃肿的衣饰是尼德兰市民阶层中一种富有者的装束。室内的所有细节，如蜡烛、刷子、扫帚、苹果、念珠以及两人之间的小狗，都带有一定的象征性，它们提示着对婚姻幸福的联想。画面上洋溢着虔诚与和平的气氛，以表达对市民生活方式和道德规范的赞颂。
创作背景
在15至16世纪时，尼德兰约为当今之荷兰、比利时、卢森堡及法国的东北部地区。那里的经济发展，在规模上仅次于意大利，而城市的经济与文化是相当繁荣的。15世纪尼德兰的艺术运动，从性质上说，属于文艺复兴范畴，它和意大利一样，是以资本主义生产关系的萌芽为先决条件的。同样鲜明地表现出旧的中世纪世界观和逐渐形成的新的人文主义世界观相交替的现象。在绘画上，这种昌盛的特点是以两位画家的跃起为标志的，那就是尼德兰文艺复兴绘画的奠基人——胡伯特·凡·艾克与其弟扬·凡·艾克。他们的艺术成果是为教堂绘制的祭坛画，其中尤以为根特市所作的“根特祭坛画”，最具有里程碑的意义。在这种艺术潮流下，扬·凡·艾克创作了这幅《阿尔诺芬尼夫妇像》。
1434年，有名的卢卡（意大利中部城市）商人兼银行家，也是意大利美第奇家族在布鲁日的代言人阿尔诺芬尼要结婚了。婚礼当天，作为新郎阿尔诺芬尼的好友，画家扬·凡·爱克前去庆贺。为了给这对新人送上一份特别的礼物，扬·凡·爱克避开客厅里的众多客人，故作神秘地请阿尔诺芬尼夫妇进入卧室，并像现代的摄影师一样，让两人摆好姿势，为他们创作了一幅见证其美好爱情的“婚纱照”——《阿尔诺芬尼夫妇像》。
凡·艾克在这幅画上采用了一种新的油色画法，使画面能保持经久鲜润和美丽。据说，他是油画的最初发明者。不管是否确切，他在试验用油调色，并取得油画的艺术效果方面，是开拓者。他最先使用了新的涂料——松脂或乳剂。根据古代美术史家瓦萨里的记载，扬·凡·艾克用快干油来作画，能使画面在一昼夜间就可干燥而且不怕潮湿。后来很快传到了意大利，并被那里的画家所采用。
艺术鉴赏
在背景中央的墙壁上，有一面富于装饰性的凸镜，它是全画尤其值得观者注意的细节；从这面小圆镜里，不仅看得见这对新婚者的背影，还能看见站在他们对面的另一个人，即画家本人。这种物理学上的游戏，显示了画家在运用所谓光线反射方面的知识，请注意在凸镜面左侧的那扇窗户的弧形表现。小镜框的四周镶刻着十幅耶稣受难图，图象细小得几乎看不清了，还有两人头顶那只金光闪烁的吊灯，其刻画之精微，为现代摄影者所叹服，这是尼德兰特有的细密画传统画法，而用镜子来丰富画面空间，正是这幅画的特色。后来荷兰的风俗画，尼德兰的类似绘画，都得益于这种画法的启示。
画面上方悬挂的吊灯点着一支蜡烛，意为通向天堂的光明；画的下角置一双拖鞋表示结婚；脚边的小狗表示忠诚；女子的白头巾表示贞洁、处女，绿色代表生育，床上的红颜色象征性和谐；墙上的念珠代表虔诚；刷帚意味着纯洁；而窗台上的苹果是圣经中的禁果，代表着警告；画面中间带角边的圆镜代表天堂之意。所有这些象征物既有基督教的信仰，又有世俗的观念，画家都一一收入画中，作了极为细致的描绘。在人物中间的墙上挂着一面镜子，镜框带有10个突出的朵状方形，每个方形内又置一个小圆形，每个圆形内画一幅耶稣的故事画，图像细小到难以识别。中心圆镜内反射出整个房间的景物，细心的观众甚至能分辨出画家作画时的情景。这种精微工整细腻的油画世界罕见，也只有在尼德兰的细密画中可以见到。不仅是在细微之处，观众可以分辨出，画面里大面积的衣服布料无论是褶皱还是质感，都能让人产生强烈的对比感，妻子衣服的绒毛布料与画面上面金属质感的吊灯产生了强烈的对比。
名家点评
华东师范大学艺术学院教授汪涤：画家在这里描绘了尼德兰典型的富裕市民的新婚家庭，他用极其细腻的笔调，逼真地刻画了年轻夫妇俩的肖像，尤其对室内的陈设，包括墙上、房顶的装饰，描绘得一丝不苟，显示了这位画家所特有的绘画功力。
重要展览
2017年10月2日至2018年4月2日，《阿尔诺芬尼夫妇像》在英国国家美术馆举办的“扬·凡·艾克和拉斐尔前派”专题展览中展出。
作者简介
杨·凡·艾克（1380～1441），是欧洲的文艺复兴运动时期尼德兰市民美术的奠基人。出生于马斯特里赫特附近的马赛克。与同时期的胡伯特·凡·艾克合称为凡·艾克兄弟。二人同为文艺复兴时期尼德兰的伟大画家，尼德兰文艺复兴的奠基人。他们兄弟曾联手创作了规模宏大的《根特祭坛画》等。除了绘画上的成就外，他还对油画的材料和油画技术作了重大的革新和改进，对西方绘画的发展作出了巨大贡献。杨·凡·艾克的主要作品有《阿尔诺芬尼夫妇像》、《罗林宰相的圣母》、《圣巴巴拉》、《妻子像》等。
--------Introduction in English--------
Arnault finney couples like (The Arnolfini Portrait, full name: Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife [1], and: "Giovanni Arnold finney couples like" or "Arnolfini couple" or "Arnold finney couples like") is a painter of Netherlands jan van eck one of 1434 wood oil paintings, now in The British national gallery, London's national gallery.
The painting depicts the newly married families of the typical wealthy citizens of the Netherlands and is a realistic portrait of the arnolfini couple. The painting is painted in delicate colors and features arnolfini and his new wife. Arnolfini raised his right hand as if to swear. His wife bowed her head reverently and held out her right hand as a sign that she would always be her husband's faithful companion. The painter painted the environment one by one. The real description of the typical bourgeois image, not only reproduce the appearance and personality characteristics of the couple, but also made an extremely realistic description of the indoor environment, showing the painter's special modeling ability. "Like the arnolfini couple" is not only the earliest attempt of in-depth expression of new oil painting, but also the earliest precedent of later developed genre painting and interior painting.
Arnolfini, who was made a knight by the duke of Philip in 1420, is formally and courteously greeting his new wife in her bridal chamber. The bride puts her right hand on the groom's left and vows to remain faithful to her husband forever. Opulent and corpulent clothing was the garb of the wealthy in the Netherlands. All the details of the room, such as candles, brushes, brooms, apples, rosaries, and the dog between the two, carry symbolic associations of marital happiness. The images are filled with piety and peace, expressing a tribute to the way of life and the moral code of the citizens.
The creation background
During the 15th and 16th centuries, the Netherlands was the northeastern region of what is now the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France. Its economy is second only to Italy's in size, and its economy and culture are flourishing. The art movement of the Netherlands in the 15th century was, by nature, part of the Renaissance, which, like Italy, presupposes the emergence of capitalist relations of production. It also clearly shows the alternations of the old medieval world view and the gradually formed new humanistic world view. In painting, this flourishing characteristic is marked by the leap of two painters, namely Hubert van eyck and his younger brother jan van eyck, the founders of the nederland Renaissance painting. Their artistic achievement was the altar painting for the church, among which "the altar painting of Ghent" by Ghent city was the most landmark. In this artistic trend, jan van eyck created this portrait of the arnolfini couple.
In 1434, arnolfini, a famous businessman and banker from lucca and spokesman for the Italian Medici family in bruges, was getting married. On the wedding day, painter jan van eyck, a close friend of the groom arnolfini, went to celebrate. In order to give the couple on a special gift, jan van love grams to avoid many of the guests in the living room, mysterious arnault finney, please enter the bedroom, and, like modern photographers, let two people pose, as they create a picture of a witness to the good love "photos", "Mr Arnault finney couples like".
Van eyck used a new oil painting to keep the picture fresh and beautiful. He is said to be the original inventor of painting. Whether or not it was true, he was a pioneer in experimenting with oil colors and in achieving the artistic effect of oil paintings. He was the first to use a new paint - turpentine or emulsion. According to vasari, an ancient art historian, jan van eyck used quick-drying oil to make his paintings dry in a day and night without fear of moisture. It soon spread to Italy, where it was adopted by painters.
Art appreciation
On the wall in the middle of the background, there is an ornamental convex mirror, which is a detail worthy of the attention of the viewer. In the round mirror one could see not only the back of the newly married couple, but also another person standing opposite them, the painter himself. This physical game shows the painter's knowledge of what is known as light reflection. Notice the arc of the window to the left of the convex mirror. Ten crucifixion pictures, almost too small to be seen, were carved all around the little frames, and the glittering golden chandelier over the two men impressed modern photographers with the subtleness of its depiction, which was typical of nederrand's fine paintings, and which featured the use of mirrors to enrich the space. Later Dutch customs painting, Netherlands similar painting, all benefit from this method of painting inspiration.
Hanging above the picture is a chandelier lit by a candle, meaning the light to heaven; A pair of slippers at the bottom corner of the picture indicates marriage; A puppy at his feet shows loyalty; Women's white turbans represent chastity and virginity, green represents fertility, and the red color on the bed symbolizes harmony; The rosary on the wall represents piety; A brush means purity; The apple on the windowsill is the forbidden fruit of the bible, representing a warning; The round mirror with corners in the middle represents heaven. All these symbols have both Christian beliefs and secular ideas, and they are all included in the paintings and depicted in great detail. There is a mirror hanging on the wall in the middle of the figure, with 10 protruding flower squares in the frame, and a small circle inside each square. Inside each circle is a picture of Jesus, which is too small to be recognized. A central circular mirror reflects the entire room, and the attentive viewer can even discern what the artist was doing. It is rare in the world to see a painting of this fineness and delicacy, and it can only be seen in the niceties of netherland. Not only is in fine place, the audience can distinguish, no matter be drape or simple sense, the garment cloth of large area in the picture, can let a person produce intense contrast feeling, the downy cloth of wife dress and the droplight with metallic simple sense above the picture produced intense contrast.
Famous review
Art institute of east China normal university professor Wang Di: painter here describes the Netherlands typical wealthy citizens newly-married family, he is extremely exquisite style, realistically depicting the image of a young couple, especially for indoor display, including the walls, roof decoration, painting a meticulous, shows the peculiar to the painter painting capability.
Important exhibitions
On October 2, 2017 solstice, the arnolfini couple is shown in the special exhibition "jan van eyck and the pre-raphavies" at the national gallery of art, UK, on April 2, 2018.
Author's brief introduction
Jan van eyck (1380 ~ 1441) was the founder of the art of the citizens of the Netherlands during the Renaissance in Europe. Born in Mosaic near Maastricht. Together with Hubert van eyck of the same period, they were called the van eyck brothers. Both were great painters and founders of the nederland Renaissance. Their brothers have collaborated on the grand altar-painting of Ghent. In addition to his achievements in painting, he also made significant innovations and improvements in the materials and techniques of oil painting, and made great contributions to the development of western painting. Yann van eyck's main works include "the arnolfini couple", "the virgin of prime minister rollin", "Santa Barbara", "the wife" and so on.
