乔治·莫兰迪(Giorgio Morandi ,1890-1964)生于意大利波洛尼亚,是意大利著名的版画家、油画家。青年时考入波伦尼亚艺术学院,曾经长期在这所学院担任美术教师,教授版画课程。莫兰迪既推崇早期文艺复兴大师的作品,也对此后各种流派的大胆探索有着强烈共鸣。
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乔治·莫兰迪(1890-1964,Giorgio Morandi )生于意大利波洛尼亚,是意大利著名的版画家、油画家。莫兰迪受过良好的艺术教育。1907年入波洛尼亚美术学院学画,1930年至1956年在该院教授版画。
莫兰迪在其兄妹中排行老大,至小经历了幼小弟弟约瑟夫及妹妹安娜的夭折。少年时期就对艺术充满了激情,并在1907年说服双亲入波洛尼亚美术学院学画。两年后因为父母的不幸过世,长子的他不得不承当起家庭的重担。在学院的最后两年,逐渐形成了自己的独特艺术风格。虽然他终身几乎没有离开波罗尼亚,但他的画风从安德烈·德兰、塞尚和毕加索的作品中摄取了灵感。他1930年至1956年在该院教授版画。在艺术上有着自己独特的艺术理念,但是没有形成文本。人生中没有光辉的生活记忆。他一生没有娶妻,可以说没有爱情,唯一有的就是他把一生都献给了他挚爱的艺术。他是一个画僧,也是一个苦行僧。艺术是他的亲人,也是他的妻子、情人。他孤寂一生,几乎没有离开过他的家乡波洛尼亚,过着简朴的生活,淡泊名利,仅仅在意大利做过一些旅行。唯一的一次出国是去苏黎世参观塞尚的画展。在20世纪艺术的喧嚣中,当其他的艺术家纷纷前往巴黎的时候,他则静静地在波罗纳的工作室里,用智慧和感觉创造自己的艺术形象。他以其高度个人化的特点脱颖而出,以娴熟的笔触和精妙的色彩阐释了事物的简约美。莫兰迪选择极其有限而简单的生活用具,以杯子、盘子、瓶子、盒子、罐子以及普通的生活场景作为自己的创作对象。把瓶子置入极其单纯的素描之中,以单纯、简洁的方式营造最和谐的气氛。平中见奇,以小见大。通过捕捉那些简单事物的精髓,捕捉那些熟悉的风景,使自己的作品流溢出一种单纯高雅、清新美妙、令人感到亲近的真诚。在立体派和印象派之间,他以形和色的巧妙妥协,找到了自己独特的画风。
风格
他最初沉迷于印象主义,对塞尚的静物和风景画颇感兴趣,也模仿过立体主义。在经过兴奋、茫然、探寻后,莫兰迪终于找到了属于自己的艺术道路,他开始了属于自己的艺术语言探索,以静物画著称,成为20世纪最受赞誉的画家之一。
哥特弗莱德-勃姆在他的《乔治-莫兰迪的艺术观念》一文中写道:
莫兰迪在他的“形而上”时期借用了这一异质,他着迷于塞尚对想象、构成和创造的拒绝。
以上哥特弗莱德-勃姆的这段文字,对理解莫兰迪的绘画十分重要。
创作题材和理论
莫兰迪一生的创作题材都是在画着几只瓶子和波罗纳郊外的风景。他花了一辈子的时间研究这些瓶子和周围生活的景色,单就创作的油画就有1264张,而这还不包括素描、水彩和版画等其他形式。当人们问及他的创作情况时,莫兰迪说:“那种由看得见的世界,也就是形体的世界所唤起的感觉和图像,是很难,甚至根本无法用定义和词汇来描述。事实上,它与日常生活中所感受的完全不一样,因为那个视觉所及的世界是由形体、颜色、空间和光线所决定的……我相信,没有任何东西比我们所看到的世界更抽象,更不真实的了。”从这句话中,很明显可以理解到莫兰迪的创作理念,艺术家只要真实地表现眼前所见的事物,就已经足够花更多的时间来研究它、表现它。
莫兰迪的艺术能给人以极温柔的精神慰藉。西方评论界认为,莫兰迪的画关注的是一些细小的题材,反映的却是整个宇宙的状态。 宋人的求“理”、元人的求“逸”、明清人的“复古”,在绘画的作品上呈现得很明显。“画如其人”说得一点也没有错。在中国是这样,在西方亦是。艺理相谐,殊途同归。这位意大利静物画家乔治·莫兰迪就是一个很好的例子。艺术作品是艺术家自己人生最好的注解。莫兰迪一生孤寂、平凡,厮守着生活中的坛坛罐罐,用静物演绎艺术的真谛。诚如他自己所说:“我本质上只是那种画静物的画家,只不过传出一点宁静和隐秘的气息而已。”
世界很复杂,但是艺术家不是要还原世界而是通过事物来创作自己心灵的世界。从莫兰迪作品中那些反复排列、形状单纯的瓶子就可以完全理解。通过画面,使人明白,作品创作的题材并不重要,重要的是作品是否给人有想法。
看莫兰迪的画时,人会不由得全身心地安静下来,直透人的心灵。这种安静,在莫兰迪看是随意摆置的各种方向的笔触。在整个画面中,力量相互制约、相互抵消所达到视觉的完美平衡,是莫兰迪随意组合坛坛罐罐后所追求的艺术方向。莫兰迪的绘画几乎从来不用鲜亮的颜色,只是用些看似灰暗的中间色调来表现物象,一切不张不扬,静静地释放着最朴实的震撼力和直达内心的快乐与优雅。
莫兰迪这种力求探寻最平凡状态中深层意识的艺术追求和精神境界,在有意无意间也和中国文人士大夫画家的意志达成了一致。被毕加索称为“20世纪最伟大的画家”的巴尔蒂斯曾这样评价:“莫兰迪无疑是最接近中国绘画的欧洲画家了,他把笔墨俭省到极点!他的绘画别有境界,在观念上同中国艺术一致。他不满足表现看到的世界,而是借题发挥,抒发自己的感情。”莫兰迪通过画静物、风景,在现实的物象和心中的自然中找差距,表现出一个纯化的精神世界。莫兰迪的瓶瓶罐罐和中国画的山水花鸟异曲同工。可见,东西方艺术家,追求的艺术境界都是一样的。
莫兰迪的画是以智慧和感觉创造自己的艺术形象。他摒弃了玄学化的球体、多面体,只要有几件日常用品就已心满意足了。他只要把生活中的杯子、盘子和瓶子置入极其单纯的素描之中,以造成最奇特、最简洁、最和谐美的气氛。在莫兰迪创作于二十世纪六十年代的几幅画上,隐约可以看到事物本身的形象,尽管遮挡着事物的是一些变幻的弧影、模糊的污迹、水融性的形象,但背后存在着一定的事物,譬如高楼、或者家具、或者器皿,正是事物表面的位移带来了认识之于存在的偏离,这种位移是谁造成的呢?从莫兰迪的画上,人们似乎难以发现灾难的影子,感觉得到的似乎是时间造成了变化。
George Morandi (1890-1964), born in Bologna, Italy, is a famous Italian printmaker and oil painter. When he was young, he was admitted to the Bologna Academy of Art, where he served as an art teacher for a long time and taught printmaking courses. Morandi not only praised the works of the early Renaissance masters, but also had a strong resonance with the bold exploration of various schools since then.In his article George Morandi's Concept of Art, Gottfried Bohm wrote that Morandi borrowed this heterogeneity during his "metaphysical" period and was fascinated by Cezanne's rejection of imagination, composition and creation. This passage of Gottfried Bohm is very important to understand Morandi's paintings.George Morandi (1890-1964), born in Bologna, Italy, is a famous Italian printmaker and oil painter. Morandi was well educated in art. He joined the Bologna Academy of Fine Arts in 1907 and taught printmaking in the Academy from 1930 to 1956.Morandi ranked first among his brothers and sisters, and went through the death of his younger brother Joseph and sister Anna. As a teenager, he was passionate about art and persuaded his parents to study painting at the Bologna Academy of Fine Arts in 1907. Two years later, due to the unfortunate death of his parents, the eldest son had to shoulder the burden of his family. In the last two years of the college, it gradually formed its own unique artistic style. Although he had hardly left Bologna for life, his painting style was inspired by the works of Andre Delan, Cezanne and Picasso. From 1930 to 1956, he taught printmaking in the college. It has its own unique artistic concept in art, but it has not formed a text. There is no glorious life memory in life. He has never married in his life, so to speak, no love, the only thing is that he has devoted his whole life to his beloved art. He is a painter and ascetic monk. Art is his family, his wife and lover. In his lonely life, he hardly ever left his hometown of Bologna, lived a simple life, indifferent to fame and wealth, and only made some travels in Italy. The only time I went abroad was to visit Cezanne's painting exhibition in Zurich. In the hustle and bustle of 20th century art, when other artists went to Paris, he quietly created his own artistic image in the studio of Borona with wisdom and feeling. He stands out with his highly personalized characteristics, and explains the beauty of simplicity with skillful brush strokes and exquisite colors. Morandi chose extremely limited and simple living utensils, with cups, plates, bottles, boxes, cans and ordinary life scenes as his creation objects. Place the bottle in a very simple sketch to create the most harmonious atmosphere in a simple and concise way. What is strange in the ordinary is great in the small. By capturing the essence of those simple things and the familiar scenery, my works spill over a pure elegance, fresh beauty and intimate sincerity. Between Cubism and Impressionism, he found his own unique style of painting by clever compromise of form and color.
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