查尔斯·威尔逊皮尔(1741年4月15日—1827年2月22日)是美国人画家、军人、科学家、发明家、政治家和博物学家。
皮尔于1741年出生在切斯特,马里兰州的安妮女王的县查尔斯·皮尔的儿子和他的妻子玛格丽特。他有一个弟弟,詹姆斯•皮尔(1749 - 1831)。查尔斯成为一个学徒鞍当他十三岁。到达成熟,他自己开了一家鞍店;然而,当他的忠诚的人债权人发现他已经加入了《自由之子》,他们密谋破产他的生意。他也是,不是很擅长鞍。然后他试着修理时钟和使用金属,但这些努力失败了。然后他开始画画。
发现他在绘画方面很有天赋,尤其是肖像画,皮尔研究一段时间约翰Hesselius和约翰Singleton科普利.约翰·比尔Bordley和朋友最终为他筹集了足够的钱去英格兰旅行指示本杰明西。皮尔研究与西方三年从1767年开始,之后回到美国,定居马里兰州安纳波利斯。在那里,他教画他的弟弟,詹姆斯•皮尔,他也成为了一位著名的艺术家。
乔治·华盛顿在普林斯顿大学,1781年。耶鲁大学美术馆
皮尔的热情新兴国家政府把他带到首都费城在1776年,美国名人画像和来自海外的游客。他的财产,这是在校园里拉萨尔大学在费城,仍然可以访问。他也提高了部队独立战争并最终得到了队长的排名宾州民兵到1776年,参加了几次战役。在这个领域,他继续画,做各种官员的微型画像大陆军。他在晚年放大版本的产生。他曾在宾西法尼亚州议会在1779 - 1780年,之后他回到绘画全职。
皮尔相当多产的艺术家。当他做了许多历史人物的画像(如詹姆斯Varnum,本杰明•富兰克林,约翰·汉考克,托马斯·杰斐逊,亚历山大•汉密尔顿),他最出名的可能是他的画像乔治•华盛顿。华盛顿第一次坐了一幅肖像与皮尔1772年,他们有六个其他会议;利用这七个模型,皮尔产生完全接近60华盛顿的肖像。2005年1月,全身像美国普林斯顿大学从1779年以2130万美元的价格出售,设定一个最高成交价纪录美国肖像。
他最著名的作品之一是楼梯组(1795),双儿子Raphaelle和提香的画像,画中错视画风格。[1]这是收集的费城艺术博物馆.
艺术家在他的博物馆在显示(自画像,1822)宾夕法尼亚州的美术学院在费城.
皮尔很感兴趣自然历史,组织在1801年第一个美国科学探险。这两个重大利益结合在他创始了费城博物馆,后来被称为皮尔的美国博物馆。
它有一个收集不同的植物,生物和考古标本。最值得注意的是,博物馆包含各种各样的鸟类,皮尔自己获得的,在许多情况下安装,自学标本。1792年,皮尔发起通信与托马斯·霍尔,芬斯伯里的博物馆,城市道路,芬斯伯里,伦敦提议购买英国塞物品的博物馆。最终,一个交换系统之间建立了两个,皮尔发送美国鸟类厅,以换取同等数量的英国鸟类。这样的安排一直持续到本世纪末。皮尔博物馆是第一个显示乳齿象骨架(在皮尔被称为庞大的骨头,这些常见的名字被修改乔治居维叶在1800年,他提出使用皮尔发现在今天使用)纽约州。皮尔曾与他的儿子上显示的骨架。
Raphaelle和提香皮尔在一个错视画查尔斯·威尔逊皮尔(1795)
“猛犸”的显示骨骼进入皮尔之间长期存在的争论托马斯·杰斐逊和布丰伯爵。布冯认为欧洲是优于美洲生物,这说明通过大小的动物被发现。杰斐逊引用这些“猛犸”的存在(他认为仍然在非洲大陆的北部地区)作为证据在美国更大的生物多样性。皮尔的显示这些骨头来自欧洲的关注,他的方法一样的话语将大骨骼标本在三维空间中。
博物馆是最早采用林奈分类法。这个系统画了一个鲜明的对比之间皮尔的博物馆和他的竞争对手提出了工件神秘怪异的自然世界。
博物馆经历了一些移动它的存在。在不同时期,这是位于等著名建筑独立大厅和原始的美国哲学协会.
博物馆会最终失败,在很大程度上是因为皮尔成功获得政府资助。他死后,被卖给博物馆,和分手,showmenp·t·巴纳姆和摩西金博.[2]
瑞秋,他的第一个妻子在女儿结合哭泣,死于谁天花查尔斯·威尔逊皮尔(1772 - 1776)
1762年,皮尔瑞秋布鲁尔(1744 - 1790)结婚,她给他生了十个孩子,大多数以皮尔最喜欢的艺术家,男性和女性。所包含的儿子Raphaelle皮尔(1774 - 1825),伦勃朗皮尔(1778 - 1860),他是另一个著名的肖像画家博物馆业主/运营商在巴尔的摩,科学发明家和商人,鲁本斯皮尔(1784 - 1865)。女儿:当归考夫曼皮尔(命名的当归考夫曼,皮尔最喜欢的女性画家)亚历山大·罗宾逊结婚,她的女儿普里西拉皮尔博士结婚亨利水上旅馆,[3]和Sophonisba Angusciola皮尔(命名的Sofonisba Anguissola科尔曼卖家)结婚。
瑞秋的死后1790年,皮尔娶了伊丽莎白de Peyster明年(d . 1804)。在他的第二任妻子,他有六个额外的孩子。一个儿子,富兰克林·皮尔出生于1795年10月15日,成为了首席创造者费城造币厂。他们的小儿子,提香拉姆齐皮尔(1799 - 1885),成为一个重要博物学家和摄影的先驱。他们的女儿,伊丽莎白·德·Peyster皮尔(1802 - 57),嫁给威廉·奥古斯都帕特森(1792 - 1833)于1820年。1827年皮尔自己死于2月22日,葬在圣彼得的圣公会教堂在费城。[4]
汉娜,一个贵格会教徒从费城,皮尔在1804年结婚,成为他的第三任妻子。她帮助提高了年幼的孩子从他的前两次婚姻。
皮尔的奴隶,摩西·威廉姆斯,也在艺术训练,在皮尔家庭长大,后来成了一名职业的轮廓艺术家。[5]
他的第二个妻子,伊丽莎白DePeyster皮尔(1765 - 1804),(1798年查尔斯·威尔逊皮尔)
1810年,皮尔购买一个农场里日耳曼敦他打算退休。皮尔命名这房地产的Belfield”,培养广泛的花园。汉娜死后1821年,皮尔和他的儿子住鲁本斯和销售Belfield在1826年。
一个文艺复兴人,皮尔的专业知识不仅在绘画方面,也在许多不同的领域,包括木工,牙科,验光,制鞋,动物标本制作。在1802年,约翰·艾萨克·霍金斯专利第二官方physiognotrace机械制图设备,与皮尔市场潜在买家。皮尔发出了一个水彩physiognotrace的草图,以及一个详细的解释托马斯·杰斐逊。现在的绘画是与杰斐逊论文在美国国会图书馆。[6]
大约在1804年,皮尔获得美国专利的权利测谎仪从其发明者约翰·艾萨克·霍金斯,同时购买一个托马斯·杰斐逊。皮尔和杰斐逊合作对这个设备进行完善,使手写信件的副本与原有的同时生产。
大卫Rittenhouse(1796)
皮尔写了几本书,其中有一篇关于建造木制桥梁(1797)和一个朋友书信的方式保持健康(1803)。皮尔命名为艺术家或科学家他所有的儿子,和教他们画画。他们三个,伦勃朗,Raphaelle,提香,成为著名的艺术家在他们自己的权利。
他的妹夫纳撒尼尔·拉姆齐,一个委托联合会大会.
Peale was born in 1741 in Chester, Queen Anne's County, Maryland, the son of Charles Peale and his wife Margaret. He had a younger brother, James Peale (1749–1831). Charles became an apprentice to a saddle maker when he was thirteen years old. Upon reaching maturity, he opened his own saddle shop; however, when his Loyalistcreditors discovered he had joined the Sons of Liberty, they conspired to bankrupt his business.[citation needed] He was also, not very good at saddle making. He then tried fixing clocks and working with metals, but both of these endeavors failed as well. He then took up painting.
Finding that he had a talent for painting, especially portraiture, Peale studied for a time under John Hesselius and John Singleton Copley. John Beale Bordley and friends eventually raised enough money for him to travel to England to take instruction fromBenjamin West. Peale studied with West for three years beginning in 1767, afterward returning to America and settling in Annapolis, Maryland. There, he taught painting to his younger brother, James Peale, who in time also became a noted artist.
Peale's enthusiasm for the nascent national government brought him to the capital, Philadelphia, in 1776, where he painted portraits of American notables and visitors from overseas. His estate, which is on the campus of La Salle University in Philadelphia, can still be visited. He also raised troops for the War of Independence and eventually gained the rank of captain in the Pennsylvania militia by 1776, having participated in several battles. While in the field, he continued to paint, doing miniature portraits of various officers in the Continental Army. He produced enlarged versions of these in later years. He served in the Pennsylvania state assembly in 1779–1780, after which he returned to painting full-time.
Peale was quite prolific as an artist. While he did portraits of scores of historic figures (such as James Varnum, Benjamin Franklin, John Hancock, Thomas Jefferson, andAlexander Hamilton), he is probably best known for his portraits of George Washington. The first time Washington sat for a portrait was with Peale in 1772, and they had six other sittings; using these seven as models, Peale produced altogether close to 60 portraits of Washington. In January 2005, a full-length portrait of Washington at Princeton from 1779 sold for $21.3 million, setting a record for the highest price paid for an American portrait.
One of his most celebrated paintings is The Staircase Group (1795), a double portrait of his sons Raphaelle and Titian, painted in the trompe l'oeil style.[1] It is in the collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art.
Peale had a great interest in natural history, and organized the first U.S. scientific expedition in 1801. These two major interests combined in his founding of what became the Philadelphia Museum, later known as Peale's American Museum.
It housed a diverse collection of botanical, biological, and archaeological specimens. Most notably, the museum contained a large variety of birds which Peale himself acquired, and in many instances mounted, having taught himself taxidermy. In 1792, Peale initiated a correspondence with Thomas Hall, of the Finsbury Museum, City Road, Finsbury, London proposing to purchase British stuffed items for his museum. Eventually, an exchange system was established between the two, whereby Peale sent American birds to Hall in exchange for an equal number of British birds. This arrangement continued until the end of the century. The Peale Museum was the first to display a mastodon skeleton (which in Peale's time were referred to as mammoth bones; these common names were amended byGeorges Cuvier in 1800, and his proposed usage is that employed today) that Peale found in New York State. Peale worked with his son to mount the skeleton for display.
The display of the "mammoth" bones entered Peale into a long-standing debate betweenThomas Jefferson and Comte de Buffon. Buffon argued that Europe was superior to the Americas biologically, which was illustrated through the size of animals found there. Jefferson referenced the existence of these "mammoths" (which he believed still roamed northern regions of the continent) as evidence for a greater biodiversity in America. Peale's display of these bones drew attention from Europe, as did his method of re-assembling large skeletal specimens in three dimensions.
The museum was among the first to adopt Linnaean taxonomy. This system drew a stark contrast between Peale's museum and his competitors who presented their artifacts as mysterious oddities of the natural world.
The museum underwent several moves during its existence. At various times it was located in several prominent buildings including Independence Hall and the original home of theAmerican Philosophical Society.
The museum would eventually fail, in large part because Peale was unsuccessful at obtaining government funding. After his death, the museum was sold to, and split up by, showmen P. T. Barnum and Moses Kimball.[2]
In 1762, Peale married Rachel Brewer (1744–1790), who bore him ten children, most named for Peale's favorite artists, male and female. The sons includedRaphaelle Peale (1774–1825), Rembrandt Peale (1778–1860), who was another famous portrait painter andmuseum owner/operator in Baltimore, and scientific inventor and businessman, and Rubens Peale (1784–1865). Among the daughters: Angelica Kauffman Peale (named for Angelica Kauffman, Peale's favorite female painter) married Alexander Robinson, her daughter Priscilla Peale wed Dr. Henry Boteler,[3] and Sophonisba Angusciola Peale (named for Sofonisba Anguissola) married Coleman Sellers.
After Rachel's death in 1790, Peale married Elizabeth de Peyster (d. 1804) the next year. With his second wife, he had six additional children. One son, Franklin Peale, born on October 15, 1795, became the Chief Coiner at the Philadelphia Mint. Their youngest son,Titian Ramsay Peale (1799–1885), became an important naturalist and pioneer in photography. Their daughter, Elizabeth De Peyster Peale (1802–57), married William Augustus Patterson (1792–1833) in 1820. Peale himself died on February 22, 1827, and was buried at the Saint Peter's Episcopal Church in Philadelphia.[4]
Hannah More, a Quaker from Philadelphia, married Peale in 1804, becoming his third wife. She helped raise the younger children from his previous two marriages.
Peale's slave, Moses Williams, was also trained in the arts while growing up in the Peale household and later became a professional silhouette artist.[5]
In 1810, Peale purchased a farm in Germantown where he intended to retire. Peale named this estate 'Belfield', and cultivated extensive gardens there. After Hannah's death in 1821, Peale lived with his son Rubens and sold Belfield in 1826.
A Renaissance man, Peale had expertise not only in painting but also in many diverse fields, including carpentry, dentistry, optometry, shoemaking, and taxidermy. In 1802,John Isaac Hawkins patented the second official physiognotrace, a mechanical drawing device, and partnered with Peale to market it to prospective buyers. Peale sent a watercolor sketch of the physiognotrace, along with a detailed explanation, to Thomas Jefferson. The drawing is now held with the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.[6]
Around 1804, Peale obtained the American patent rights to the polygraph from its inventor John Isaac Hawkins, about the same time as the purchase of one by Thomas Jefferson. Peale and Jefferson collaborated on refinements to this device, which enabled a copy of a handwritten letter to be produced simultaneously with the original.
Peale wrote several books, among which were An Essay on Building Wooden Bridges (1797) and An Epistle to a Friend on the Means of Preserving Health (1803). Peale named all of his sons for artists or scientists, and taught them to paint. Three of them, Rembrandt, Raphaelle, and Titian, became noted artists in their own right.
He was the brother-in-law of Nathaniel Ramsey, a delegate to the Congress of the Confederation.
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