民间美术与民俗活动关系极为密切，如民间的节日庆典、婚丧嫁娶、生子祝寿、迎神赛会等活动中的年画、剪纸、春联、戏具、花灯 、扎纸 、符道神像 、服装饰件 、龙舟彩船、月饼花模、泥塑等以及少数民族民俗节日中的服饰、布置等。民间美术分布于各地，因地域、风俗、感情、气质的差异又形成丰富的品类和风格。但它们都具有实用价值与审美价值统一的特点。另外 ，它们的制作材料大都是普通的木、布、纸、竹、泥土，但制作技巧高超、构思巧妙，擅长大胆想象、夸张，且常用人们熟悉的寓意谐音手法，积极乐观、清新刚健、淳朴活泼，表达了对美好生活的憧憬与理想，富有浪漫主义色彩，让人有更多的喜庆感觉。

 民间美术品种极多，且目的、用途各不相同，如有供赏玩的造型艺术，亦有以实用为主的工艺品。总的来说，可分为：①绘画。其中包括版画、年画、建筑彩画、壁画、灯笼画、扇面画等。② 雕塑。有彩塑（ 奇观彩塑 、 小型泥人）、建筑石雕、金属铸雕、木雕、砖刻、面塑、琉璃建筑饰件等。③玩具。包括泥玩具、陶瓷玩具、布玩具、竹制玩具、铁制玩具、纸玩具、蜡玩具、活动玩具等。④刺绣染织。包括蜡染、印花布、土布、织锦、刺绣、挑花、补花等。⑤服饰。包括民族服装、儿童服装、嫁衣、绣花荷包、鞋垫、首饰、绒花绢花等。⑥家具器皿。包括日用陶器、日用瓷器 、木器 、竹器 、漆器、铜器及革制品、车马具等带有装饰及艺术价值者等。⑦戏具。包括木偶、皮影、面具、花会造型等。⑧ 剪纸。包括窗花、礼花、刺绣、刺绣花样、挂笺等。⑨纸扎灯纸。包括各种花灯、各种纸扎。⑩ 编织。包括草编 、竹编 、柳条编、秫秸编、麦秆编、棕编 、纸编等。食品。糕点模、面花面点造型、糖果造型等。

 陜西

一、窗花剪纸

窗花剪纸是陕西民间最广泛、最普及的民间艺术活动。这种传统的装饰艺术源远流长，早在汉代，民间农夫女子就使用金银箔和彩帛剪成一种“方胜花鸟”，贴在鬓角以作美丽的装饰风尚，后来逐步发展，到隋唐时代，在节日、庆典用彩纸剪成各种花草、动植物、人物故事，贴在窗格上的称“窗花””，贴在门楣上的称“门签”、“门画”，婚嫁时床头、墙炕上的称“贴花”、“喜花”、“顶蓬花”等；宋代就有了系统的各种剪纸讲究，使“喜花”、“礼花”、“门花”在婚嫁上应用到丧礼和日常生活中，特别是丧葬，有长筒形的各种“葬仪花”；明清时期，女子出嫁，十分讲求“上炕剪子”（即会剪各种窗花、衣样等刀剪工艺活路），所谓“上炕剪子下炕镰”。发展到近现代，陕西各地农村，上至老年妇女，下至青少年女子，几乎家家都有剪贴窗花的习俗，多数人都会剪出个“花鸟虫鱼”来，许多家户，均保存有“窗花底样”，逢年过节，前后窗格、墙头，都贴有各种人物、戏曲、山水、花鸟虫鱼、家禽、兽物等剪纸和窗花，尤其以剪纸最为普遍。每逢红（喜庆）白（丧葬）事、喜庆、节日，都要剪贴各种“花格”、“花边”、单、双“喜”字、“吉祥图”、“太极图”等，把房间、堂屋布置得有条有理，美观鲜沽。这种习俗，代代相传，有增无减，日渐兴盛。在许多农户，窗花剪纸成为择婚的条件之一，如某某姑娘“能描（绘）、能剪（窗花、衣服样式、款式）、能扎（绣工）”，就被农家竞相择婚，同时，这种剪纸工艺也成为人与人、户与户之问，求美、比美、争胜的风俗内容之一。这都充分反映了陕西民间各族人民的共同心理。

陕西窗花剪纸，陕北、关中、陕南三个地域之间，各有特色和差异，这在很大程度上取决于区域文化传统的差异。至于个人风格的差异，则取决于民间艺术家素质的差异，除了先天性因素外，阅历、文化修养、个人爱好也是民间艺术家的重要后天因素。陕北窗花剪纸，在全国较有名气，这是由于延安革命根据地的艺术家广为扶植、引导、介绍的结果，当然，其窗花艺术的蕴藏和质地之雄厚，是历史形成的。陕北窗花比较浑厚、纯真，自然成趣，反映了陕北人民的质朴和敦厚，其山水人物、各种山区风情跃然纸上；关中的窗花剪纸，略显粗犷兼有巧思，许多窗花剪纸有粗有细，巧、捷玲珑，题材多而广，形式杂而巧，并且，不以“识字”作为标准，许多不识字的老年妇女，所剪出的窗花，其巧思与结构，令识字者“瞠目哑舌”、赞叹不已；陕南一带的窗花，相对之下，较关中为少，但各种剪纸、工艺较多且广泛，商洛、安康、汉中等地的剪纸、工艺还享名省内外。

在繁浩的窗花剪纸中，戏剧人物、戏剧故事、花鸟虫鱼、禽兽龙麟以及各种风习、世俗等方面的选题，是窗花剪纸的主要内容。其色调一般是单色（黑或某一种单彩），也有各种彩色窗花（彩纸或染成色纸），窗花剪纸构图精巧，一般线条、线体互相接连，不能断笔断头断线。所以，构图必须单纯、优美，不能过于细碎、琐繁，以免剪刀难于开合。

陕西窗花剪纸有名者！

一朝邑剪纸朝邑窗花剪纸，属陕西东府具有特色的一派，它较其它县的窗花古朴、秀丽，式样略长，色彩独具，其内容以剪各种戏剧人物为最有名，参加省展出的名品资料，现存陕西省群众艺术馆。

二永寿剪纸永寿剪纸的构图、风格，被称为巧捷浑厚，有山区、平原人民生活风俗奇趣。农村妇女安玉芳，60多岁，被称为专家“花匠”，参加过省、地、县三级美术大赛；夏玉梅，古屯乡妇女，善剪各种飞鸟，得意之作《百鸟朝凤》驰名国内，并赴法国展出。

三岐山、凤翔剪纸凤翔县彪角乡卧龙村，被称为“剪纸村”，李拉翠是该村最有名者，可剪上千种花样，窗花比其它县大一倍，构图丰满，新奇别致，属真正的传统的岐（山）凤（翔）窗花。岐、凤窗花在该地农户中，多被当作家庭副业，每年秋后动剪，“腊八”（腊月初八日）上市，十余对可卖几角钱，远销凤翔县城、蔡家坡、太白县等地，有的巧手妇女，一年卖“彪角窗花”，可得数百元收入。

四大荔窗花大荔县流行皮影戏，其刻技高超，民问纷纷仿效，因而窗花剪纸随之兴起。窗花中各种戏剧人物、故事因此而盛行当地，家家户户窗格、院墙，无不张贴各种窗花剪纸花样，其人物活灵活现；另外，各种花鸟虫鱼剪纸，也不绝于各户窗棂。

五安塞剪纸安塞剪纸名驰国内外，在手法上，分阳刻、阴刻两种手法。阳刻，线条粗壮有力，黑白分明；阴刻，大刀阔斧，有如画像、木刻。在省上举办的剪纸展览中，安塞妇女张芝兰的《三个老汉》获二等奖、高全爱的《骑驴婆姨》获一等奖，他们还展出了众多的传统、故事、童话剪纸系列，如《老鼠嫁女》、《王祥卧冰》等，也获得好评。安塞剪纸现已成为陕西的一支流派和风俗画劲旅。

六定边剪纸 定边剪纸是“三边”剪纸的主要部分，其剪纸有浓厚的人情味和浓郁的生活气息，在造型上酷似黑白木刻，题材广泛，风格独具一格。

陕西是民间艺术大省，窗花剪纸在全国享有很高的声誉，建国后，先后被国家文化部命名为“剪纸之乡”的有：安塞、洛川、富县、旬邑、定边、靖边6个县，还有宝鸡、凤翔、千阳、澄城、华县、合阳、大荔、延长、黄陵、佳县、高陵等县，作品在国内外多次展出并获奖，有些剪纸艺术家被邀请出访法国、美国、日本等几十个国家，如为陕西、为中国赢得了荣誉的高陵县耿镇剪纸艺人王顺喜（男），剪纸从不绘大样，也不下底样，总是按心中的“心图”，以眼定线与剪接连不断地剪，剪出成千过万的各种花虫鸟鱼及人物。他从八岁开始和父母学剪纸，到40多岁已剪纸30多年，每年腊月出售数斤至数十斤，所剪人物和鱼鸟，翻栩如生，多用淡色漫纸，色调自然而巧捷。1980年，美国友人访问咸阳之机，邀请他现场剪纸，他一不打稿，二不仿人，双手一时剪出几出戏剧人物，被拍成电视纪录片，广为传播。

二、凤翔木版年画

凤翔木版年画，据史料所考，迄今已有476年历史。按从事其业的一个家族一幅祖宗档案记载，明正德二年(1507)肖里村邰氏家族已有八户从事年画副业生产；清乾隆五十五年(1790)前，邰氏已开办早期年画“画局”，以后一直延续六代人190多年。凤翔木版年画从小到大，由粗到精，经过了多次起落、兴衰，成为中国西北地区首屈一指的民间年画胜地。邰氏《世兴画局》在近两个世纪的进程中，立足凤翔，面向全国，打向国外，起到了较大的促进作用。

木版年画从画稿、雕版、印刷到绘彩，都是农民在农闲时手工操作的。清代以前，年画主题主要是门神，而且主要是笔画染色；到清代中期的嘉庆、道光年问，年画由印墨线手工染色，已逐步改变成全部套版印刷，如大门神秦琼、敬德、方弼、方相等，但如胡须、眉毛部分还是笔描。生产村、户除肖里村外，还有北肖里村和陈村镇，三个村共三十多家，有正式的“画局”六家，种类除了十多幅大门神、大墙画外，其余都是中小型门画及神福，如“六全神”、“福禄寿三星”、“二十四孝”、“春牛图”、“二十四节气”、“药王”等，年产十多万张，主要销往陕西关中、甘肃及宁夏、青海等省份。清末民国初，年画生产发展到六、七十家，圆局有十多家，生产门画、大中小门神约四十多种；造型有文武式，站、坐、骑马式，形象多属历史人物，如商代的方弼、方相，唐代的秦琼、敬德、魏征、盖苏文，宋代的包文拯；还有神话故事人物，天官、福、禄、寿三星，刘海、钟馗、神判等，六全神、槽马、槽猴；灶神有单灶神、双灶神、单印架、双印架、花瓶、灯笼灶等；仅“谷雨”画，就有五十多种，《十二相》、《四时报喜》等就有四十多种。年画年产量400万张以上，销往全国十多个省市。陕、甘、宁、青、豫、四川等一些省份的农村，处处张贴凤翔的各种年画和灶神，已成定俗，年画客商成批从凤翔进货，运回各地畅销。抗日战争到建国前，年画生产一度低落，但产量还保持年产600多万张左右。特别是套印出银色（也叫印银）、描金以后，群众如获至宝，陕、甘、宁、青地区人民，给这种年画，起了一个美名，叫“西凤世兴画局”的《金三裁》名牌年画。

建国后，从1950年到1963年，南、北肖里村，组织起百人以上的“年画会”，投股金人股，全用机制的白办公纸、白报纸，生产六神门神，年产300多万张，仍销往西北各地。后由于各种运动，年画生产未恢复到建国前数量。1978年中共十一届三中全会后，凤翔木版年画有了新生，加上全国及省、市美术工艺界的关心支持，研制出各种年画近百种，年产又恢复到300多万张以上。以后他们又组织起“南肖里民间工艺美术研究会”和“凤怡木版年画研究会”两大家，加上个体户57家，在全国性产销订货会上，全国18个省市订货，促使年画年产1000万张以上，并销往西欧、南洋、日本等十多个国家。

凤翔木版年画，以其风格独特大方，概括性强、简练、艳丽，实空对比强烈，主题突出，有浓厚的意境，健康的民族民间传统美感，成为民间尊崇流行的一种欣赏、张贴、馈赠佳品，闻名于国内外。

三、凤翔泥塑

陕西凤翔县六营的彩绘泥塑，迄今已有400多年历史。

泥塑的制作：先制胶泥，多选用细质土，加上胶水，反复压、踩、揉、蹈而成。制泥塑时，先在撮好的雏型上画原稿，搞稿制模，按模翻拓，粘合修饰，使之成型，再用土兑胶，以墨色勾线，然后染色点彩，晾干后刷一层胶水即成。彩绘泥塑有戏剧人物、神话人物、飞禽走兽一百多个品种。这些泥塑，色彩绚丽明快，造型夸张、简练、质朴大方，妙趣横生。最受人欢迎的是卧牛、立虎、挂虎、胖娃娃等。这些彩绘泥塑，多被西北各省农村视为逢年过节的佳品，或是给孩子做满月的纪念品、家庭日常摆设的装饰品、馈赠亲友的礼品。近几年，凤翔彩绘泥塑已被陕西省列为旅游纪念品，对外大量供应。

河北

民间艺术综述

河北省地处黄河中下游流域，是中华民族发祥地之一，也是全国唯一的兼有平原、草原、高原、山地、湖泊和海滨的省份。悠久的历史、灿烂的文化、优越的自然条件，孕育了绚丽多彩、形式多样的民间艺术。河北民间艺术的地方戏曲、民间曲艺、民间歌舞、乡村古乐、民间美术、特色工艺、沧州武术、吴桥杂技，在国内外都是享有盛誉的。这些艺术从不同角度表现出的中华民族文化传统，其共同特色是起源于民间生活，有的是从历史上传承下来的，有的是从外地移植过来的，有的是在新的形式下创新的，最终逐步形成浓厚的地方特色，深为广大群众所喜爱，不仅在历史上有一定的影响，而且至今仍然有着绵延不断的艺术生命力。河北民间艺术在历史发展的长河中，对人民群众陶冶情操、娱乐身心、抒发情感、交流思想，起到了无形纽带的作用，为促进河北省的社会进步，曾做出过彪炳史册的贡献。1949年后，河北民间艺术得到了全面系统的整理挖掘，进入了全面复兴的时期。1978年以来，这些艺术重又焕发出了勃勃生机，并增加了新的时代特色。如今，随着社会的发展，科技文化的进步，在建设具有中国特色的社会主义的千秋大业中，河北民间艺术更以其独具的艺术魅力，为凝聚人心、营造健康的精神氛围，促进中外文化交流，服务于经济建设，发挥着推进政治、经济、文化全面发展的社会功能。

一、民间美术

河北民间美术包括民间绘画、雕刻、手工艺、历代书法碑帖、寺墓壁画等内容，其中历代书法碑贴是研究历史文物、书法艺术的重要资料，而寺墓壁画则是研究壁画艺术和美术史的重要资料，这些珍贵的文化遗产，具有很高的艺术价值和文物价值。民间绘画取材于民间生活，在继承传统绘画风格的基础上有所发展创新，也是河北民间美术的重要组成部分。河北省的手工艺品，数量众多，艺术成就丰厚。不仅有历史悠久的传统陶艺，如定窑、磁窑、邢窑和黑陶等，还有巧夺天工的雕刻艺术，如泥玩具、剪纸、皮影、蜡染、石雕、骨雕、木雕、贝雕等；不仅有惟妙惟肖的装饰工艺，如滕氏布糊画、花丝、花丝首饰、花丝摆件

1、玉田泥玩具

河北玉田是一个与玉发生关系，极受历代一些帝王和有关专家、学者珍视的古县城。它位于京津唐三市中心，3000多年前为燕国初都所在地，春秋时期归属无终子国，唐初设为无终县。自女皇武则天时期以晋代干宝志怪小说《搜神记》中“阳伯雍无终山种玉”①的故事而更称为玉田县。自1993年中华人民共和国文化部命名玉田县为“中国民间艺术之乡（民间泥塑）”以后，俞加不言自名，炫人眼目。

玉田泥人生产已有二百余年的历史，其产地主要分布在戴家屯、西高丘等几个村。1981年乡土玩具专家、中国美术馆研究员李寸松先生来玉田泥塑之乡考证：早期玉田泥人动物作品与玉田出土的陶猪、陶马、泥埙(哨)等汉墓明器颇如孪生。可见民间泥塑源远流长。历史的长河，孕育和造就了玉田这块神奇的土地。清光绪年间，以刘凯（1870--1961）为代表的泥玩具艺人，随着当时北方盛行的《安天会》（西游记）、《南西厢记》、《宝剑记》等昆戈戏剧的盛行和杨柳青年画的流行，对丰富手捏戏文内容的泥人题材，产生了很大的影响。后来将玉田泥人延续下来的著名艺人有刘俊祥、王希庆、刘广田、吴玉成。□

二、民间戏剧

河北具有古老的传统戏曲。金、元杂剧就是在河北省境内盛行之后，南下传播到江浙一带的。明清以来，弋阳、昆山、梆子、二黄等戏曲声腔，先后在河北盛行。20世纪40年代末，影响最大、发展最快的河北地方剧种，主要有河北梆子与评剧。在河北流行的剧种有30多个，其中河北土生土长的有26个，代表性的有河北梆子、保定老调、安国老调、平调落子、新颖调、横歧调、哈哈腔、四股弦剧、评剧、唐剧、唐山皮影、保定皮影、南辛庄木偶戏、固义摊戏、丝弦戏、坝上二人台、海兴南锣等。

三、民间曲艺

河北民间曲艺艺术历史悠久，曲种繁多，节目丰富，在各地流传的主要曲种有西河大鼓、乐亭大鼓、任丘大鼓、晋州龙鼓、赞皇旗鼓、安国架鼓、高邑腰鼓、常山战鼓、藁城金钹战鼓、沧州木板大鼓、木板书、十不闲以及单弦、平书、相声、数来宝、快板书、三句半等30余种。这些曲种，有的演唱长篇大书，有的演唱小段，多年来流传下来的大小书目数以千计，从事这些曲艺的专业演员和农村业余说唱艺人数以万计。

四、民间歌舞

河北民间歌舞包括民歌、吹歌、歌舞等形式与内容。其中，河北民歌多为民间口头创作，内容丰富风格多样，反映广阔的历史生活画卷，表达了人民群众的心声。河北吹歌是一独具风采的民族民间乐器演奏形式，其乐器多以唢呐为主，配以管子、笙、笛、板胡伴奏乐器以及锣、鼓、钗等打击乐器，在民间逢年过节、婚丧嫁娶或喜庆之日，进行演奏。河北歌舞基本上以秧歌为主，其它还有各种灯类、鼓类以及借用道具表演的狮子舞、竹马、旱船、花船、小车、大头舞等146种。

五、民间古乐

河北乡村古乐活跃于河北乡村，完整保留下来的主要有邢台市广宗的太平道乐、巨鹿道教音乐班打醮科仪音乐、廊坊市固安县屈家营音乐会、军卢村义和团音乐。这四种音乐的共同特点是披着宗教外衣，却完全体现着民族文化传统，均可以称之为僧儒道三家并用的庄重典雅音乐。这些珍贵的古代文化遗产是我国民族音乐的瑰宝，以其古朴、优雅、独特在民间音乐大花园中争奇斗艳。

六、民间武术

中国有民间武术129个拳种，其中52个发源于河北省。这52个拳种主要分布于沧州、邯郸、保定、唐山、廊坊、衡水、邢台等地。

现存规模和影响较大的有沧州的八极拳、劈挂拳、燕青拳，邯郸永年的杨式、武式太极拳，廊坊的八卦掌、邢台的梅花拳、深州的形意拳等。

七、民间杂技

河北杂技，历史悠久，源远流传2000多年。中国杂技之乡有多个，就历史、民间基础与国内外影响而言，河北吴桥是最负盛名的。河北吴桥发祥地是"杂技摇篮"，享有"杂技之乡"的盛誉，驰名中外。

据调查，在民国初期，吴桥杂技内容可分为13种类型：一、武术；二、顶技；三、口技；四、蹬技；五、手技；六、车技；七、马戏；八、高空节目；九、踩钢丝；十、钻技；十一、口捻子；十二、魔术；十三、其它(如踢毽子、抖空竹等)。归纳起来包括武术、杂耍、驯兽、幻术四大门类。

现今吴桥杂技在原来的基础上，又创建和改进了许多新的节目，例如狮子舞、龙灯舞、套圈舞、彩绸舞、中幡、飞钣、十字飞人、双层秋千、脑担子、大飞吊子、飞车走壁、大型魔术等。

在历史上，吴桥县产生过许多著名的杂技艺人。仅在清代，吴桥就造就了许多蜚声中外的杂技名流和杂技世家。如，五代耍熊的"狗熊程"一家，号称"大王一"的巨型魔术大师穆成林，曾经赢得埃塞俄比亚皇帝叹服、获得一枚金质奖章的姚振奎，多次在皇宫中献艺的中国民间戏法老前辈蒋德成，创办中国第一个大马戏团并享誉东南亚的杂技大师孙富友等，都是吴桥籍杂技艺人。

在全国各地的杂技团体与世界28个国家的杂技团，都有吴桥籍杂技艺人，故国内杂技界有"没有吴桥人不成杂技班"之说。吴桥全县目前共有杂技团29个，共有演员900余名。

基于吴桥杂技在海内外的深远影响，以及其广泛的群众基础，河北省于1987年开始举办中国吴桥国际杂技艺术节，至今已举办过八届(1987，1989，1991，1993，1995，1997，1999，2001)，共有来自亚、非、欧、美、澳等五大洲的近百个国家参加的世界杂技盛会。该杂技节逢单年举行，一般在10月最后一周或11月的第一周举行，会场设在省会石家庄，艺术节以沧州铁狮子"镇海吼"为范本，以象征和平、友谊的绿色为底色，制作了节徽，设金狮、银狮、铜狮奖。此举不仅促进了中外杂技艺术的交流，而且也促进了河北对外文化和社会的全面发展。

 Folk art and folk activities are closely related, such as folk festival celebrations, weddings, funerals, births and birthday celebrations, celebrations to greet gods and other activities, such as New Year's paintings, paper-cut, spring couplets, operas, lanterns, paper-binding, statues of Ru Dao, costume accessories, Dragon Boat colorful boats, moon cakes, clay sculptures, as well as costumes in ethnic minority folk festivals. Decoration, arrangement, etc. Folk art distributes all over the country. Because of the differences of region, custom, emotion and temperament, it forms rich categories and styles. But they all have the characteristics of unity of practical value and aesthetic value. In addition, their production materials are mostly ordinary wood, cloth, paper, bamboo and clay, but their production skills are superb and ingenious, they are good at bold imagination and exaggeration, and they often use the familiar means of moral homophonic. They are positive, optimistic, fresh and vigorous, simple and lively, expressing their vision and ideal for a better life, full of romance. Doctrine color, let a person have more festive feeling.

There are many kinds of folk art with different purposes and uses. If there are plastic arts for entertainment, there are also practical arts and crafts. Generally speaking, it can be divided into: 1. Painting. Including prints, New Year pictures, architectural paintings, murals, lantern paintings, fan paintings and so on. Sculpture. There are color sculptures (spectacular color sculptures, small clay figurines), architectural stone carvings, metal casting carvings, wood carvings, brick carvings, face sculptures, glazed building decorations and so on. (3) Toys. Including clay toys, ceramic toys, cloth toys, bamboo toys, iron toys, paper toys, wax toys, sports toys and so on. Embroidery and dyeing. Including batik, printed cloth, earthen cloth, brocade, embroidery, pick-up, Patchwork and so on. (5) Clothing. Including national clothing, children's clothing, wedding dress, embroidered purse, insoles, jewelry, velvet and silk flowers, etc. Furniture utensils. Including household pottery, household porcelain, wood, bamboo, lacquerware, bronze and leather products, car and horse fittings with decorative and artistic value. _Plays. It includes puppet, shadow play, mask, Flower Festival and so on. _Paper-cut. Including window flowers, fireworks, embroidery, embroidery patterns, hanging notes and so on. _Paper tied with lamp paper. Including all kinds of lanterns, all kinds of paper tie. _Knitting. It includes straw weaving, bamboo weaving, wicker weaving, straw weaving, wheat straw weaving, brown weaving, paper weaving and so on. Food. Pastry mould, flour pastry shape, candy shape, etc.

Window-cut paper-cut is the most extensive and popular folk art activity in Shaanxi Province. This traditional decorative art has a long history. As early as the Han Dynasty, folk peasant women used gold and silver foil and colored silk to cut flowers and birds into a kind of "Fangsheng" and pasted them on the temples to make beautiful decorative fashion. Later, it gradually developed. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, colored paper was used to cut flowers, plants, animals and characters in festivals and celebrations. The lattice is called "window flower" and the lintel is called "door label" and "door painting". The bedside and wallboard are called "decals", "happy flowers" and "roof flowers" when they are married. In the Song Dynasty, there were various kinds of paper-cutting in a systematic way, which made "happy flowers", "fireworks" and "door flowers" applied to funerals and daily births. In life, especially in funerals, there are all kinds of funeral flowers with long barrels. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, when women were married, they paid much attention to "hanging Kang scissors" (that is, they can cut all kinds of windows, clothing patterns and other knives and scissors to cut the craft of living), so-called "hanging Kang scissors to cut Kang sickles". In modern times, in rural areas of Shaanxi Province, from old women to young women, almost every family has the custom of clipping window flowers. Most of them will cut out a flower, bird, insect and fish. Many families have kept "window patterns". During the holidays, there are all kinds of characters, operas and walls around the window panes and walls. Landscape, flowers, birds, insects, fish, poultry, animals and other paper-cut and window flowers, especially paper-cut is the most common. Every red (festive) white (funeral) event, festival, all kinds of "pattern", "lace", "single" and "double" words, "auspicious map" and "taiji map" should be clipped and pasted, so that the rooms and halls are arranged in a rational and beautiful way. This custom has been handed down from generation to generation, increasing and flourishing. In many peasant households, window-cut paper-cut has become one of the conditions for marriage selection, such as a certain girl "can describe (draw), can cut (window, clothing style, style), can Zha (embroidery worker)", by the farmers competing for marriage, at the same time, this paper-cut technology has become a question of people, households and households, beauty seeking, beauty comparison, winning customs and content. One of. This fully reflects the common psychology of the people of all ethnic groups in Shaanxi.

Shaanxi window paper-cut has its own characteristics and differences among the three regions of northern Shaanxi, Guanzhong and southern Shaanxi, which largely depends on the differences of regional cultural traditions. As for the difference of personal style, it depends on the quality of folk artists. Besides congenital factors, experience, cultural accomplishment and personal hobbies are also important acquired factors of folk artists. North Shaanxi window-cut paper-cut is more famous in the whole country. This is the result of the extensive support, guidance and introduction of artists in Yan'an Revolutionary Base. Of course, the rich content and texture of window-cut art are formed by history. The window-cut in northern Shaanxi is relatively thick, pure and natural, reflecting the simplicity and generosity of the people in northern Shaanxi, whose landscape characters and various mountain customs are on the paper; the window-cut in the middle of Shaanxi is slightly rough and ingenious, and many window-cut papers are thick and fine, ingenious and exquisite, with a wide range of subjects, complex and exquisite forms, and not to mention. "Literacy" as a standard, many illiterate elderly women cut out window flowers, their ingenuity and structure, so that literate people "stare and dumb tongue" and admire endlessly; Southern Shaanxi area window flowers, by contrast, less than Guanzhong, but a variety of paper-cutting, technology is more and widespread, Shangluo, Ankang, Hanzhong medium paper-cutting, technology. It also enjoys fame both inside and outside the province.

In the vast window-cut paper-cut, the main content of window-cut paper-cut is the selection of drama characters, drama stories, flowers, birds, insects, fish, animals, dragons and lin, as well as various customs and secularities. Its tone is generally monochrome (black or some kind of monochrome), there are also a variety of color window (colored paper or dyed paper), window paper-cut composition is exquisite, general lines, lines are connected with each other, can not break the pen broken. Therefore, the composition must be simple and graceful, not too trivial, cumbersome, in order to avoid the scissors difficult to open and close.

Shaanxi window paper-cut famous!

Chaoyi paper-cut Chaoyi window flower paper-cut, which belongs to the characteristic school of Shaanxi Dongfu, is simpler and more beautiful than other counties. It has a slightly longer style and unique color. Its content is most famous for cutting all kinds of dramatic characters. It participates in the famous works exhibited in the province, and the existing Shaanxi Mass Art Museum.

The composition and style of Eryongshou Paper-cut Yongshou Paper-cut is called agile and thick, which has the strange customs of people living in mountainous and plain areas. Anyufang, a rural woman in her 60s, is known as an expert "gardener" and has participated in provincial, prefectural and county art contests. Xia Yumei, a woman from Gutun Township, is good at cutting all kinds of birds. Her proud work "Birds Chao Feng" is well-known in China and exhibited in France.

Wolong Village, Biaojiao Township, Fengxiang County, Sanqi Mountain and Fengxiang Paper-cut, is known as "Paper-cut Village". Li Lacui is the most famous one in this village. She can cut thousands of patterns. The window flowers are twice as big as those in other counties. Their composition is full and novel. They belong to the real traditional Qishan Fengjiao window flowers. Qi and Fengqiaohua are mostly used as household sideline among the farmers in this area. Every autumn, Laba (the eighth day of the eighth month of December) is listed on the market. More than ten pairs of them can be sold for a few cents. They are sold to Fengxiang County, Caijiapo, Taibai County and other places. Some skilled women can earn hundreds of yuan by selling "Biaojiao Fenghua" a year.

Four big Liqiaohua Dali County popular shadow play, its engraving skills are superb, people have followed suit, so the paper-cut window rose accordingly. As a result, various dramatic characters and stories are prevalent in the local area. Every household window panes and courtyard walls display various kinds of window-cut patterns, and their characters are vivid and vivid. In addition, all kinds of flower, bird, insect, fish and paper-cut are also in every household window lattice.

Wuansai Paper-cut Ansai is well-known at home and abroad. There are two kinds of methods: masculine carving and masculine carving. Yang carving, strong lines, black and white distinct; Yin carving, bold, like portraits, woodcut. In the provincial paper-cut exhibition, Ansai women Zhang Zhilan's "Three Old Men" won the second prize, Gao Quan-ai's "Aunt Riding Donkey" won the first prize, and they also displayed many traditional, stories, fairy tale paper-cut series, such as "Rat Married Daughter" and "Wang Xiangwo Ice", which also received high praise. Ansai paper-cut has now become a genre and a strong force of custom painting in Shaanxi Province.

Six-sided paper-cut and edge-cut is the main part of "three-sided" paper-cut. Its paper-cut has strong human feelings and strong flavor of life. It resembles black and white woodcut in shape, with a wide range of subjects and unique style.

Shaanxi is a major province of folk art. Window-cut paper-cut enjoys a high reputation throughout the country. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, it has been named "the home of paper-cut" by the Ministry of Culture of China: Ansai, Luochuan, Fuxian, Xunyi, Dingbian and Jingbian, as well as Baoji, Fengxiang, Qianyang, Chengcheng, Huaxian, Heyang, Dali, Yanchang, Huangling and Jiajia. County, Gaoling and other counties, works have been exhibited and awarded many times at home and abroad. Some paper-cut artists have been invited to visit France, the United States, Japan and other dozens of countries. For example, Wang Shunxi, a paper-cut artist in Gengzhen, Gaoling County, who has won honor for Shaanxi Province and China, never draws a big picture or draws a bottom story, always according to his heart.“ Heart map ", with eye alignment and splicing continually cut, cut out thousands of flowers, insects, birds, fish and characters. He began to learn paper-cutting with his parents at the age of eight. He has been cutting paper for more than 30 years in his forties. Every year, he sells several to dozens of kilograms in December. The characters and fish and birds he cuts are vivid and vivid. In 1980, when an American friend visited Xianyang, he invited him to cut paper on the spot. He did not make manuscripts or imitate people. He cut out several dramatic characters in his hands for a while. He was made into a TV documentary and widely disseminated.