简笔画作品

 A：选择角度、显示结构特点

a、正视图：

电视机的荧光屏、收录机的录放音座和按键、照相机的镜头、书橱、冰箱的门框。这些体现结构特点的构成因素都安置在物体的正面。房屋除屋顶外，体现不同建筑风格的柱、廊、门窗及其它饰物也大都在正面。这些物体的正视图能显示它的不同观点的结构特点。

b、侧视图：

脊椎动物由一要脊连接头尾，横贯胸廓和骨盆、四肢分别与肩带和骨盆衔接支撑全身，各种动物因不同的生存方式和运动方式而形成的结构比例与形态的差异。从侧面看十分明显，同样，各种车辆的外部结构特点，主要体现在车头、车厢和车轮，画出其横式侧视图，能全面显示各部分的结构特点。

c、俯视图：

炉灶、餐具、书本、田径场等物体的结构特点所在的面朝上，画出它们的俯视图易于辨识。

d、周视图：

球体的外轮廓在任何角度都呈圆形，圆柱体和圆椎体在轴线垂直于地面的状态中，各种角度也会呈现出大抵一致的视觉形态。灯笼、笔筒、手电筒、杯、碗、盆等物，也分别由球体、圆柱体和圆椎体构成，画这些物体一般不必选择角度。如果它们被横置或斜置，即轴线不垂直于地面，则不同角度会有不同的透视变化，应取轴线平行于画面的角度。

B：抓住细节，突出个性特点

同类或类似物体的形象差异，一般主要体现在局部的细节上。如：驴与马、羊与鹿、猪与象、鹅与鸭等类似动物，整体结构无大差异。主要区别在于耳、颈、头、尾等细节的大小，粗细与长短的不同，写生时要注意发现并强化差异，以突出各自的个性特点。

物体的细节特点，表现不一，有的明显，有的则不大明显，写生应通过比较，同中求异，并运用夸张的方法把各种物体的细节特点表现得鲜明突出。如画不同的树，在树冠和枝干相似的情况下，可突出树叶或花果的不同特点，画人物，既可通过五官、须发表现年龄和性别特点，也可利用"穿衣戴帽"表现在民族和职业特点。也可借助于头、驱干和上下肢的基本形及其它比例的变化表现高矮胖瘦年龄的个性特点。

C：运用骨线，把握动态特点

人物和动物经常处在活动中，各种动态，瞬息变异。简笔动态写生，虽可通过敏锐的观察，直接捕捉各种动态，但在很大程度上则是在分析、理解运动规律的基础上，把握关节点和运动线，运用记忆。如我们人，人体由头、胸廓、骨盆和四肢构成。上肢分上臂、前臂和手，下肢有大腿、小腿和脚，每一部分的骨骼既各自独立又上下连接，每个连接点形成一个关节，关节是人体运动的枢纽，做着屈伸、内收外展和回旋等运动。各种运动并不改变头、胸廓、骨盆和四肢的局部结构，变化的只是它们之间以关节为转折点的转折关系及其整体状态。因此，以变化的关节为点，以不变的骨骼为线，以点带线、以线连点，是表现各种动态简便可行的方法。运用骨线表现人物动态，要掌握重心的变化规律，重心垂直于支撑面；人体能保持平衡，走跑时重心超出支撑面，跳跃时的重心倾向人体运动的前方。

动物的运动规律与人物基本相似。兽类的四肢在走、跑、跳运动中交替活动，互相配合，头和驱干同时因颈、腰、尾的扭动发生相应变化。一般禽鸟的主要运动形成是飞翔，飞翔时双翅张开，上下扇动，鸟的脚活动相对少些，颈部的灵活性却很大，作禽鸟简笔画写生，可先用画蛋法画出体腔和头部，再用骨线画颈和脚，最后添上主要细节。

简笔画的绘画方法可分为正视图、俯视图、侧视图、周视图四种。

 原国家教委（教师）〔1991〕8号文《关于开展小学教师继续教育的意见》提出：“基本功训练是现阶段小学教师继续教育的重要内容之一。”其中第三项基本功要求的就是简笔画。即能按教学要求，突出教学重点，用简练的线条较快地勾画出事物的主要特征，设计、绘制图画。这就是简笔画。

动物简笔画，就是用简单的线条画出动物主要的外形特征，要画得“简”，画得像。必须删掉细节，突出主要特征，把复杂的形象简单化。动物简笔容易掌握，不仅能激发孩子的学画兴趣，还可以培养孩子的速记能力、概括能力、想像能力，有利于孩子的智力发展。动物简笔画绘画方法：1、概括动物的基本形状。基本形状就是大轮廓，它是根据动物的外形特征决定的。要使复杂的形象变简单，首先要用简单的几何图形来概括动物的基本形状，再在基本形状上进行加工。2、抓住动物的动态变化。3、根据各种动物的特征采取夸张、拟人的手法来画，使形象更加突出。

 A: Selection of angle and display structure features

A. Face-up maps:

The fluorescent screen of the TV set, the recording and playback seat and keys of the recorder, the lens of the camera, the doorframe of the bookcase and the refrigerator. These elements embodying structural characteristics are placed on the front of the object. Apart from the roof, the columns, corridors, doors and windows and other ornaments embodying different architectural styles are mostly on the front. The frontal view of these objects can show the structural characteristics of their different viewpoints.

B. Side view:

Vertebrates are supported by a single spine connecting the head and tail, the thorax, pelvis and limbs, respectively, with shoulder straps and pelvis. The structural proportion and morphology of various animals are different due to different ways of survival and movement. From the side, it is very obvious. Similarly, the external structural characteristics of various vehicles are mainly embodied in the front, carriage and wheel. Drawing the lateral view can fully display the structural characteristics of each part.

C. Top view:

The structural features of stoves, tableware, books, track and field objects are facing up, and it is easy to identify them by drawing their overhead views.

D. Weekly view:

The outline of the sphere is circular at any angle. In the condition that the axis of the cylinder and the vertebral body is perpendicular to the ground, the various angles will also present a nearly identical visual form. Lanterns, penholders, flashlights, cups, bowls, basins and other objects are also composed of spheres, cylinders and cylinders respectively. It is not necessary to choose angles to draw these objects. If they are placed horizontally or obliquely, that is, the axis is not perpendicular to the ground, there will be different perspective changes at different angles, and the axis should be parallel to the angle of the picture.

B: Grasp the details and highlight the personality characteristics

The image difference of the same kind or similar object is mainly reflected in the local details. Such as donkeys and horses, sheep and deer, pigs and elephants, geese and ducks and other similar animals, the overall structure is no big difference. The main difference lies in the size of the details of ear, neck, head and tail, and the difference in thickness and length. In sketching, attention should be paid to discovering and strengthening differences in order to highlight their individual characteristics.

The detailed characteristics of objects are different, some obvious and some less obvious. Sketching should be done through comparison, seeking differences from the same, and using exaggerated methods to show the detailed characteristics of various objects distinctly and prominently. When the crowns and branches of trees are similar, the different characteristics of leaves or flowers and fruits can be highlighted. Characters can be drawn not only through five senses, age and gender characteristics, but also by "wearing clothes and hats" in ethnic and professional characteristics. It can also show the characteristics of tall, short, fat and thin age by changing the basic shape of head, drier and upper and lower limbs and other proportions.

C: Use skeleton line to grasp dynamic characteristics

Characters and animals are often in activities, dynamic and instantaneous variation. Although dynamic sketch with simple brushwork can directly capture all kinds of dynamics through keen observation, to a large extent, it is based on the analysis and understanding of movement rules, grasping joint points and movement lines, and using memory. Like us, the human body consists of the head, thorax, pelvis and limbs. The upper limbs are divided into upper arms, forearms and hands. The lower limbs have thighs, legs and feet. Each part of the skeleton is independent and connected up and down. Each joint forms a joint. The joint is the pivot of human movement. It performs flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and rotation. All kinds of movements do not change the local structure of head, thorax, pelvis and limbs, but only the turning point of joint and its overall state. Therefore, it is a simple and feasible method to show various dynamic states by taking the changed joints as points, the invariable bones as lines, the points and strips as lines and the points connected by lines. The use of skeleton line to show the dynamics of characters requires mastering the changing law of the center of gravity, the center of gravity is perpendicular to the supporting surface; the human body can maintain balance, when running, the center of gravity is beyond the supporting surface, and when jumping, the center of gravity tends to the front of the human body movement.

Animals have similar movement patterns to human beings. The extremities of animals alternate in walking, running and jumping, and cooperate with each other. Head and dried-up changes correspondingly due to the twisting of neck, waist and tail. Generally, the main movement of birds is flying. When flying, the wings open and the feet flutter up and down. The feet of birds move relatively little. The flexibility of the neck is very great. As a sketch of birds, the body cavity and head can be drawn by the method of drawing eggs first, and then the neck and feet can be drawn by bone lines. Finally, the main details are added.

The drawing methods of simple strokes can be divided into four kinds: face view, top view, side view and perimeter view.

The Opinions on Developing Continuing Education for Primary School Teachers, written by the former State Education Commission (Teachers) [1991], put forward that "Basic Skills Training is one of the important contents of continuing education for primary school teachers at this stage." The third basic skill required is simple strokes. That is, according to the teaching requirements, highlighting the teaching focus, using concise lines to quickly outline the main features of things, design and draw pictures. This is a simple brush.

Animal sketch is to use simple lines to draw the main shape characteristics of animals, to draw "simple" and portrait. Details must be deleted, main features highlighted and complex images simplified. Animal sketch is easy to master. It can not only stimulate children's interest in painting, but also cultivate children's shorthand ability, generalization ability and imagination ability, which is conducive to children's intellectual development. Animal sketch painting methods: 1. Summarize the basic shape of animals. The basic shape is the outline, which is determined by the shape characteristics of animals. In order to simplify the complex image, we first need to use simple geometric figures to summarize the basic shape of animals, and then to process the basic shape. 2. Grasp the dynamic changes of animals. 3. Drawing with exaggeration and personification according to the characteristics of various animals makes the image more prominent.