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朝元图

 三清殿中的“朝元图”壁画,泰定三年(1325 年)由马君祥等人绘制而成,描绘了诸神朝拜元始天尊的故事,以8 个帝后主像为中心,周围有金童、玉女、星宿、力士等共286 尊,场面开阔,气势恢宏。这些壁画为我国古代壁画中的精典佳作(右页图是金母元君相)。

  • 中文名朝元图
  • 创作年代元代
  • 作品出处永乐宫壁画
  • 文学载体壁画
  • 作者画工马君祥之子马七等人
  • 地址山西永济永乐宫
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简介

朝元图为永乐宫壁画的一部分,是元代壁画艺术的最高典范。
永乐宫(又名:大纯阳万寿宫)原在山西永济县永乐镇,相传为道教祖师之一吕洞宾的故宅,因黄河水利工程改迁到芮城县。永乐官内,无极门、三清殿、纯阳殿、重阳殿四处均绘有壁画,总面积约八百多平方米。它是道教壁画中最重要的作品群,集中反映了元代壁画艺术的最高成就。壁画表现众神朝拜老子及吕洞宾、王重阳传教施法的宗教故事。内容丰富,大部分保存较好,具有高度艺术水平,在我国壁画艺术中占有重要地位。朝元图画在三清殿内,四壁及扇面墙两侧均绘壁画,有泰定二年(公元1325年)作者河南马君祥父子的题名。

画作特色

朝元图内容描绘道府诸神朝谒元始天尊,故名“朝元”。构图宏阔,气势磅礴,个个神采奕奕,表情动作无一雷同。壁画以八个高3米的主像(南极、北极、东极、玉皇、勾陈、木公、后土、金母)为中心,前画青龙、白虎二星君,后有天蓬、天犹二元帅,周置仙曹、仙官、天丁、力士、太乙、侍臣、金童、玉女、二十八宿,三十二帝君等,共画像394身。他们之间有的对语,有的沉思,有的倾听,有的注视,神情姿态彼此呼应,成为有机的整体。服饰冠戴华丽辉煌,衣纹多用吴道子“莼菜条”线条,长达数尺,紧劲贯气,既含蓄又有力度。色彩采用重彩勾填,在冠戴、衣襟、薰炉等处沥粉贴金,更觉绚烂眩目,此风格远承唐宋壁画传统,在元代画坛上独树一帜。这里选取《朝元图》中的二个画面,其一为主像之一的金母,温柔娴雅,高贵富丽;其二为三十二帝君之一的扶桑大帝,庄严肃穆,形神兼备。

画作赏析

永乐宫原在山西省永济县永乐镇,相传为道教祖师之一吕洞宾的故宅。唐时将其建为吕公祠,宋金改祠为观。元中统二年毁于大火,后又在原址上新建了纯阳万寿宫,通称万寿宫。1959年,因修建三门峡水利工程,全部建筑和壁画整体迁移到芮县龙泉村五里庙附近。
永乐宫在元朝是全真教三大祖庭之一,龙虎殿、三清殿、纯阳殿和重阳殿至今仍保留着元到明早期的道教壁画800余平方米,规模宏伟,精美壮丽,灿烂辉煌,是世界上罕见的艺术瑰宝。永乐宫遗留的宗教壁画作品,是道教壁画中最重要的作品群,集中反映了元壁画艺术的高度成就,在美术史上的地位非常重要。
永乐宫各殿中,以三清殿和纯阳殿的壁画最为精彩。在纯阳殿,以52幅壁画演绎着吕洞宾富有传奇色彩的人生,同时也折射着宋、元时代的社会生活。壁画中官吏、平民、农夫、乞丐的服饰装束,使用的器皿、设施,居住的亭台楼榭,出入的酒肆茶寮等都成为了极有价值的图文资料。
三清殿为永乐宫的主殿,集中了永乐宫近一半的壁画,《朝元图》为其主要内容。“朝元”即诸神朝拜道教始祖元始天尊。壁画上有泰定二年(1325)及河南马君祥、长男马七待诏等题记,由此可见这幅图的作者是名不见经传的民间画工。
画面上共有人物290个左右,以8个高3米的主像(南极、北极、东极、玉皇、勾陈、木公、后土、金母)为中心,其余人物按对称仪仗形式排列,以南墙的青龙、白虎星君为前导,分别画出天帝、王母等28位主神。围绕主神,28宿、12宫辰等“天兵天将”在画面上徐徐展开。画中主像庄严肃穆,群像环立,形象丰满圆润,个个神采奕奕,无一雷同。他们之间有的对语,有的倾听,有的沉思,有的注视,神情姿态彼此呼应,成为有机的整体。
整个画面,气势不凡,场面浩大。但在这人物繁杂的场面中,作者又把主要精力都集中在近300个“天神”朝拜元始天尊的道教礼仪中,营造了一种庄严的气氛。
壁画中人物服饰冠戴华丽辉煌,衣纹多用吴道子“莼菜条”线条,用笔劲健而流畅,既含蓄又有力度,衣带飞舞飘逸,有如满墙风动,充分发挥了线条的高度表现力。用色方面,采用重彩勾填,色彩厚重而丰富,绚烂而协调,道具在背景上都富有装饰性,在冠戴、衣襟、薰炉等处沥粉贴金,绚烂夺目。我们来看一下在三清殿西壁中部下层的一幅奉宝玉女像,来体会一下这幅壁画中用笔用色的妙处。奉宝玉女在金母元君的身后。玉女面相俊俏,双目前视,嘴唇微闭,极具温柔娴雅的神韵。她头戴花冠,上身穿广袖衫,双手端装有龙旃的圆盘,仪态端庄。面部和衣纹的线描都疏密有致。土黄色的衣裙,绿色的飘带,沥粉贴金的发饰和龙旃,给人高贵富丽之感。总之,《朝元图》是永乐壁画中的精品。

English Introduction

Chao Yuan map as part of the Yongle Palace murals, is the highest type of mural art in Yuan dynasty.
Yongle Palace (also known as: Great Shun Yeung Wanshou Palace) in Shanxi County of Yongji Yongle Town, the legend of the founder of Taoism one of Lu's residence, because of water conservancy projects in the Yellow River to move to Ruicheng county. Yongle officer, Wuji gate, San Qingdian, Yonghe palace, murals are around the Chung Yeung Festival Hall, a total area of about more than and 800 square meters. It is one of the most important works of Taoism murals, which reflects the highest achievements of the mural art of the yuan dynasty. The gods worship and wall paintings Lao Tzu Lv Dongbin, Wang Chongyang missionary cast religious stories. Rich in content, most of the preservation of good, with a high level of art, art in China occupies an important position. In the picture element in the Sanqing hall, the walls and the fan wall on both sides painted murals, with Thailand two years (AD 1325) author Henan Ma Junxiang and his son.
Asamoto map content described the gods Palace North Korea called Primus, named "asamoto". The composition of grand, of great momentum, a gesture similar to one in good out of a bandbox. The main mural like eight 3 meters high (Antarctic, Arctic, East, the Jade Emperor, Gou Chen, wood, earth, gold mother) as the center, before painting dragon, white tiger two constellations, after one day, two days and marshal Peng, Cao Zhixian, Xian Guan, Zhou Ding, lux, Taiyi, day courtiers, golden boy, girl, Ershibasu, thirty-two Dijun, a total of 394 portraits. Some of them have some language, some meditation, some listening, some watching, facial gestures echoed each other, become an organic whole. Crown costumes gorgeous brilliant clothing lines with Wu Daozi, "a long line, Brasenia" several feet, tight strength and finally both subtle and powerful. The color of the color hook filled, wearing a crown, gold in the skirt, incense burner etc. Lek powder, feel more gorgeous dazzling, the style of the Tang and Song Dynasties murals of traditional far, become an independent school in the Yuan Dynasty painting. Here's a selection of "two asamoto map" in the picture, the most like one gold mother, gentle and elegant, elegant; the second is one of the thirty-two great Fuso, Dijun solemn and vivid.

Miyahara in Shanxi Yongle Yongle Town of Yongji County, said as the founder of Taoism one of Lu's residence. Tang will build its Lu Song and Jin ancestral temple to view. Yuan unification of two years was destroyed by fire, and then at the site of the new Chunyang palace known as the palace. In 1959, due to the construction of Sanmenxia water conservancy project, all buildings and murals in the overall move to the nearby village of Longquan County, five Li Miao rui.
Yongle Palace in the Yuan Dynasty is one of the three major Quanzhen Zuting, Longhu palace, San Qingdian, Chun Yang Temple and Chung Yeung Festival Hall still retains the yuan to early Ming Dynasty Taoism murals of 800 square meters, grand scale, exquisite and splendid, glorious and resplendent, is the world's rare art treasures. The legacy of the religious paintings, is the most important Taoist frescoes in the work group, reflects the high achievement of Yuan mural art, in art history status is very important.
The Yongle Palace House in San Qingdian and pureyangtemple the most spectacular murals. In the 52 mural pureyangtemple, interpretation of Lu Dongbin's legendary life, but also reflects the social life in song and Yuan dynasties. In the murals of officials, civilians, farmer, beggar dress attire, the use of utensils, facilities, residential buildings, and drinking tea Liao etc. have become extremely valuable information.
San Qingdian for the main hall, concentrated nearly half of the Yongle Palace murals, "asamoto map" as the main content. "Yuan" is the founder of Taoism worship gods primus. There are murals of Thailand two years (1325) and Henan Ma Junxiang, the eldest son horse seven Daizhao etc. Therefore this picture in mind, the author is well-known folk art.
The picture consists of about 290 people, with 8 as the main 3 meters high (Antarctic, Arctic, East, the Jade Emperor, Gou Chen, wood, earth, gold mother) as the center, the other characters in a symmetrical arrangement to honor, the south wall of the dragon, White Tiger God as the leading, were painted, the emperor of heaven the other 28 main god. The LORD God, 28 places, 12 house of Chen "started slowly in the picture on the divine troops descending from Heaven". The Lord as a solemn, like ring, round one image, similar to one in good out of a bandbox. Some of them have some language, some listen, some meditation, some look at each other, facial gestures echoed each other, become an organic whole.
The whole picture, extraordinary momentum, the scene is vast. But in this character complex scenes, the author and the main efforts are concentrated on the nearly 300 "God" to the Primus Taoist ritual, create a solemn atmosphere.
People dress in mural crown gorgeous brilliant, Yi Wen with Wu Daozi "a Brasenia" line, with strong and smooth, both subtle and powerful, even dancing elegant, like a wall of wind, give full play to the lines of highly expressive. The use of color, the color hook filled, color thick and rich, gorgeous and coordinated, decorative props in the background, in the gold crown, skirts, incense burner etc. Lek powder, gorgeous. We look at the west wall of the lower central San Qingdian a Fengbao lady like, to experience some of the mural in the pen with the beauty of color. Behind in treasure in gold mother goddess of the lady. Lady is handsome, eyes front, lips closed, very gentle and elegant charm. She is wearing a crown, wearing a sweater with wide sleeves, hands long Zhan disc, dignified. Facial and clothing lines are the line density. Yellow dress, green ribbon, gold hair and long Lek powder Zhan, give people a sense of elegant. In a word, "asamoto map" Yongle mural boutique.

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