荆浩(约850-?),字浩然,号洪谷子,山西沁水人,五代后梁画家,尊为北方山水画派之祖。因避战乱,常年隐居太行山 。
荆浩(jīng hào)(约850-?)中国五代后梁最具影响的山水画家,博通经史,并长于文章。孟州(今河南济源)人。大概生活在公元870—940年间。荆浩博通经史,博雅好古,能写文章,也能作诗。唐末之时,中原地区藩镇割据,天下大乱。荆浩不出来作官,隐居在太行山中一个叫洪谷的地方,自己耕种几亩山田糊口。他每天在山中写生,画了数万本之多的素描。经过多年的研究和磨砺,荆浩成为一代山水画大师。
他擅画山水,常携笔摹写山中古松。自称兼得吴道子用笔及项容用墨之长,创造水晕墨章的表现技法。亦工佛像,曾在汴京(今河南开封)双林院作有壁画。是中国山水画发展过程中具有重要影响的画家之一。
他生于唐朝末年,大约卒于五代后唐(923-936)年间。士大夫出身,后梁时期因避战乱,曾隐居于太行山洪谷,故自号“洪谷子”。荆浩不仅创造了笔墨并重的北派山水画,被后世尊为北方山水画派之祖,还为后人留下著名的山水画理论《笔法记》,以假托在神镇山遇一老翁,在互相问答中提出了气、韵、思、景、笔、墨的所谓绘景“六要”,是古代山水画理论中的经典之作,比更早时期南齐谢赫的“六法论”有所发展,具有更高的理论价值。
荆浩创山水笔墨并重论,擅画“云中山顶”,早已提出山水画也必须“形神兼备”、“情景交融”,他的作品已被奉为宋画典范,只可惜留存于世的作品极少,且仅有的几幅画也尚存真伪之疑。
荆浩出生于河南济源,济源北倚太行,西望王屋两山,南临黄河,与古都洛阳相邻,历来文风颇盛。沁河由西北截太行而出,两岸峭壁如削,谷幽水长。荆浩故里位于今县城东北十五里的谷堆头村,现存荆浩墓遗址。
荆浩,字浩然,约生于唐大中四至十年(850-856)。早年“业儒,博通经史,善属文”,学识渊博。济源的风物景观多名人足迹,白居易有诗云:“济源山水好,老尹知之久。……孔山刀剑立,沁水龙蛇走;危磴上悬泉,澄碧转枋口。”唐开元道教宗师司马承桢曾于王屋山创建阳台宫。少年时的荆浩常来此宫,受司马承桢影响,在晚年所著《笔法记》中,将其与王维、张璪并列,赞曰:“白云尊师气象幽妙,俱得其元,动用逸常,深不可测。”荆浩还曾创作表现王屋山主峰的《天台图》,这些都与他早期生活经历有关。
唐乾符元年(874)前后,荆浩由家乡来到开封,得同乡裴休的关照,曾为唐末小官。裴休任宰相五年,唐大中十年(856)罢官,在开封遇到高僧圆绍,二人志同道合,圆绍就命他居住在开封夷门仓垣水南寺。后圆绍名声日显,又扩建成横跨夷门山的巨院,由唐僖宗亲自题赐院额曰“双林院”。荆浩曾为双林院这一重要禅院绘制壁画,足见他当时的画名。“尝于京师双林院画宝陀落伽山观自在菩萨一壁”、(《五代名画补遗》),但此画未能传留,根据他后来在水墨山水画上的创造精神,可以断定,那是一幅人物与山水结合的水墨画。
荆浩兼擅人物还有其他例证。现存他的《匡庐图》中,就有几个细小而动态极佳的点景人物。《宣和画谱》中,也记载他曾画有人物繁多的《山阴宴兰亭图》三幅、《楚襄王遇神女图》四幅。清代李佐贤《书画鉴影》著录了荆浩的《钟离访道图》:“山林墨笔,人物着色,兼工带写。”并记述画中钟离作举手问讯状,将士伫立状,对岸真人傍虎而行及童子回顾指示状等,描绘得十分生动。
隐居河南林州洪谷山
荆浩在五代后梁时期,因政局多变,退隐不仕,开始了“隐于太行山之洪谷”的生涯,自号洪谷子。
洪谷位于开封之北二百里左右的林县。林县唐时名林虑县,太行山脉于县西绵亘一百八十里,总称林虑山,由北向南依次叫黄华、天平、玉泉、洪谷、栖霞等山。山势雄伟壮丽,幽深奇瑰,历代多有隐逸者。北宋山水大家郭熙在《林泉高致》中指出:“太行枕华夏,而面目者林虑。”认为林虑乃太行山脉最美之处。
荆浩在这样幽美的环境中,躬耕自给,常画松树山水。他与外界交往甚少,但同邺都青莲寺却有较多联系,至少两次为该寺作画。
邺都在今河北省临漳县北,位于林县之东,三国时为曹魏都城。当时邺都青莲寺沙门(住持和尚)大愚,曾乞画于荆浩,寄诗以达其意。诗曰:“六幅故牢建,知君恣笔踪。不求千涧水,止要两株松。树下留盘石,天边纵远峰。近岩幽湿处,惟藉墨烟浓。”可知他请荆浩画的是一幅松石图,以屹立于悬崖上的双松为主体,近处是水墨渲染的云烟,远处则群峰起伏。
不久荆浩果然画成赠大愚,并写了一首答诗:“恣意纵横扫,峰峦次第成。笔尖寒树瘦,墨淡野云轻。岩石喷泉窄,山根到水平。禅房时一展,兼称苦空情。”显然对自己这幅水墨淋漓的作品相当满意,同时也反映出他退隐后的心境——“苦空情”。苦空为佛家语,认为世俗间一切皆苦皆空,这正是他厌恶乱世的情怀。
从两人相互赠答诗中,可以看出他们不同寻常的关系。大愚说:“六幅故牢建,知君恣笔踪。”显然讲的是另一件事。“六幅”可解释为六张画,也可释为一张篇幅很大的画。按汉制,布帛广二尺二寸为幅,六幅就有一丈三尺二寸宽,也许是一件屏幛画。“故牢建”是说依然坚固地收藏着,保存完好。建,通“键”,锁藏。正因大愚以往曾得到过荆浩之画,所以才能说“知君”如何如何。且可以推断那六幅画作已是几年前的事了。
一、“有笔有墨,水晕墨章” 历代画史画论著作都爱引用荆浩这几句话:“吴道子画山水有笔而无墨,项容有墨而无笔。吾当采二子之所长,成一家之体。”他本人在《笔法记》中说:“随类赋彩,自古有能;如水晕墨章,兴我唐代。”这两段话确实概括了荆浩艺术的一大特色。
六朝以来,山水画都是青绿设色,勾线填彩。从盛唐、中唐开始出现水墨山水画,属于开创者行列的有张璪、王维、王洽等人,然整个社会尚未形成风气。到五代,水墨山水画日益成熟,经荆浩进一步发展,上升为理论性的“有笔有墨”,并对水分运用也更加讲究。用笔与水墨相结合,更有助于表现大自然变化万千的气象,在绘画审美观上是一种拓展,在技法上也显然有助于消除那种刻板的笔迹。如前引答大愚诗中所说的“墨淡野云轻”,就是水墨微妙的艺术效果。
按荆浩自己的解释:“笔者,虽依法则,运转变通,不质不形,如飞如动。墨者,高低晕淡,品物浅深,文彩自然,似非因笔。”他主要强调的是用笔的变化运动感,用墨的韵味天趣。吴道子只有线条笔力而无墨色变化,项容只有墨的变化而无用笔之美,荆浩将这两家长处结合起来,达到“人以为天成”的效果,“故所以可悦众目使览者易见焉”(引自《宣和画谱》)。
有关荆浩用笔的特点,历来记载分析不一。有的说他“皴用小斧劈,树石勾勒,笔如篆籀”(李佐贤语);有的说他“将右丞(王维)之芝麻皴少为伸张,改为小披麻”(布颜图语);还有的说“其山与树皆以秃笔细写,形如古篆隶,苍古之甚”(孙承泽语)。这些说法表明荆浩在用笔方面融入了篆隶书法的骨力,在皴法上还处于探索之中,面貌不一。宋代周密的《云烟过眼录》记述他见到荆浩渔乐图两幅,上有题书《渔父辞》数首,类似唐代柳公权的书风。前人的记载值得参考。
二、“大山大水,开图千里”
荆浩之前的山水画,很少见到表现雄伟壮阔的大山大水及全景式布局。由于太行山气势磅礴,使他的审美眼光发生重要变化,认识到“山水之象,气势相生”。由于他放眼于广阔空间的雄伟气势,终于创立了“开图千里”的新格局。
北宋沈括《图画歌》写道:“画中最妙言山水,摩诘峰峦两面起。李成笔夺造化工,荆浩开图论千里。范宽石澜烟林深,枯木关同极难比。江南董源僧巨然,淡墨轻岚为一体。……”
荆浩放眼于广阔空间的雄伟气象,这一变化反映了当时人们对大自然审美认识的深化。他把在现实中观察到的不同部位、形貌的山峦水流,分别定名为:峰、顶、峦、岭、岫、崖、岩、谷、峪、溪、涧等,并指出从总体上把握自然山水的规律:“其上峰峦虽异,其下冈岭相连,掩映林泉,依稀远近。”正是在从上下、远近、虚实、宾主以及各种物象的全方位审视中,形成了“山水之象,气势相生”的整体观念,在创作中往往是危峰突兀,重岩叠嶂,林泉掩映,气势浩大。
收藏过荆浩作品的宋人米芾,把荆画特点归纳为“善为云中山顶,四面峻厚”;又说“山顶好作密林,水际作突兀大石”。由此可以想见气韵雄壮的格局。清人顾复在《平生壮观》中记述荆作云壑图“峰岚重复,势若破碎,而一山浑成,无断绝之形”。这里说的是善于处理整体与局部的关系,细部刻画的真实具体,并未影响浑然一体的山势。他还指出荆浩所作多为“寻丈之笔”,以致“后之大图不能出范围焉”。但是荆浩也能作小幅,如册页云生列岫图就被评为“咫尺而得千顷之势,水墨浓淡生秀绝伦”。
荆浩好作秋冬之景,历代著录中有《秋山楼观图》、《秋山瑞霭图》、《秋景渔父图》、《秋山萧寺图》、《楚山秋晚图》等。元代黄公望称赞《楚山秋晚图》“骨体敻绝,思致高深”,并赋诗一首:“天高气肃万峰青,荏苒云烟满户庭。径僻忽惊黄叶下,树荒犹听午鸡鸣。山翁有约谈真诀,野客无心任醉醒。最是一窗秋色好,当年洪谷旧知名。”从诗中我们可以想见画面天高气爽,峰青树荒,云烟满户,有山翁相语,野客漫饮,午鸡啼鸣,一切围绕着渲染一个“秋”字。这是一个秋色寥廓而又富于生活气息的境界。由此可见,荆浩的大山大水之境,充满丰富的细节,既有强烈的震撼力,又耐人细细品味。
至明末,睢州的袁枢(袁可立子)成为收藏荆、关、董、巨作品的集大成者,明王时敏在《烟客题跋》中有《题自画关使君袁环中》对袁枢赞赏道:“环翁使君,既工盘礴,又富收藏。李营丘为士大夫之宗,米南宫乃精鉴之祖,故使荆、关、董、巨真名迹归其家。”
在历代绘画史籍和著录书中,记有荆浩作品约共五十余幅,其中山水画占绝大部分,也有少量人物画。如《宣和画谱》所记的山阴宴兰亭图三幅、楚襄王遇神女图四幅,以及前面提到的观自在菩萨、钟离访道图,这九件作品都是以人物为主的。山水画据《图画见闻志》记述有四时山水、三峰、桃源、天台;《宣和画谱》记有夏山图四、蜀山图一、山水图一、瀑布图一、秋山楼观图二、秋山瑞霭图二、秋景渔父图三、白苹洲五亭图一;南宋《中兴馆阁储藏》记有江村早行图、江村忆故图;此外,在《襄阳志林》、《云烟过眼录》、《铁网珊瑚》、《珊瑚网》、《清河书画舫》、《图画精意识》、《平生壮观》、《式古堂书画汇考》、《石渠宝笈》、《庚子消夏记》等著录中,还记有渔乐图、秋山图、山庄图、峻峰图、秋山萧寺图、峭壁飞泉图、云壑图、疏林萧寺图、云生列岫图、溪山风雨图、楚山秋晚图、仙山图、长江万里图、庐山图、匡庐图等。比较特殊的是《珊瑚网》中记载荆浩有交泰图册页,可能是一幅画有三只羊的风俗画,寓意“三阳(羊)交泰”。
以上作品除匡庐图尚存,其他均已失传。至于目前传为荆浩所作的五幅画——美国纳尔逊美术馆收藏的雪景山水、日本大阪市立美术馆收藏的江山瑞霭图、台湾故宫博物院收藏的渔乐图等,其真伪都存有争议。
古代著名画家荆浩,晚唐五代时隐居于太行洪谷,悉心山水画艺术,创作了不朽的传世名画《匡庐图》,完成了著名的山水画论《笔法记》与《画山水赋》(又名《山水诀》);其弟子关仝的山水画成就,更是青胜于蓝之誉,史称“荆关山水”,标志了古代山水画体的完全独立与艺术成熟,荆浩因此被尊称为古代山水画宗师。然而,荆浩隐居作画之太行洪谷,到底位于何处,其里籍又在何方,自北宋以来,说法不一,至今无人系通清理辩证,使之成为古代绘画史上一个千年悬案。
其实,荆浩隐居作画的太行洪谷,就位于山西沁水中条山主峰历山东北麓之寺沟河谷,《沁水县志》、《泽州府志》、《山西通志》等,都有明确记载;沁水历山地区,又可以找到荆浩《笔法记》中所记几个地名;沁水历山地区民间,又保存有荆浩学画的传说。文献记载,地名落实,民间传说,三个方面的证据,足可论定荆浩隐居作画的太行洪谷,就位于山西沁水境内历山之下。
《沁水县志》、《泽州府志》、《山西通志》皆明确具体地记载,荆浩隐居作画的太行洪谷,位于山西沁水境内。荆浩《笔法记》又记:
太行山有洪谷,其间数亩之田,吾常耕而食之。有日,登神钲山四望,回迹入大岩扉,苔径露水,怪石祥烟,疾进其处,皆古松也。中独围大者,皮老苍藓,翔鳞乘空,蟠虬之势,欲附云汉。成林者,爽气重荣;不能者,抱节自屈。或回根出土,或偃截巨流。挂岸盘溪,披苔裂石。因惊其异,遍而赏之。明日,携笔复就写之,凡数万本,方如其真。明年春,来于石鼓岩间,遇一叟。因问具以其来所由而答之。叟嗟异久之,曰:“愿子勤之,可忘笔墨而得真景。”吾之所居,即石鼓岩间,所字,即石鼓岩子也。
荆浩记洪谷山水环境:位于太行深处一峡谷中,有数亩之田,且有神钲山、大岩扉、石鼓岩等地名景观。峡谷中有山溪,两岸峭壁对立如门户,到处怪石,满山松柏等等。
图为荆浩《笔法记》所记大岩扉
依据《沁水县志》所记洪谷位置,《笔法记》所记洪谷山水特征,以及当地民间传说,荆浩隐居作画的太行洪谷,位于山西沁水西南约六十里的中条山主峰历山东北麓寺沟河谷中。中条山属太行山系。乾隆《济源县志》卷二《山川》记:“太行山,县北二十五里。山势绵亘数千里,虽各因地立名,其实皆为太行。”《禹贡》:太行,恒山,至于碣石。按:(黄)河北之山有三条,西为中条山,为王屋山,东为太行。中条山主峰历山又称舜王坪,即舜耕历山之地,满山松柏,多属原始森林;山多奇峰,孤立挺拔;峡谷中时见飞瀑,且多巨石。历山风景优美,为沁水名胜。
寺沟河发源于历山东麓,由南而北流入南阳河,是个长约三十余里的大峡谷,寺沟河因峡谷中有青莲寺而得名。峡谷中每每山崖壁立相对,有如门扉,随处可见松柏悬挂崖岸。由南阳入峡谷,南行三五里,有一五六户人家的村庄,名石(寺)火庄;村南西向有一河谷,即洪谷;洪谷有山溪,奔泻而下,俗称洪谷河;洪谷河发源处,平时清澈,每遇雨季,水流混浊,洪谷因以得名。顺洪谷登山,山半丛林中有废弃古寺,即青莲寺,又名青禅寺;寺后山脊有一平台,名欸月台,俗名鸡冠豁。青莲寺背后山坡,较为平缓,约二三里处,突兀拔起几座山峰,高耸入云,最高峰名望谷峰。
位于洪谷谷口的石(寺)火庄,便是荆浩隐居太行洪谷的结庐之地,村边恰有八九亩耕地。石火庄又名实和庄,村边舜庙存有一通嘉庆年《实和庄庙碑记》。青莲寺又名青禅寺,寺已废弃,今日乡民在寺中圈牛;寺东有塔亦毁,塔基仍见。光绪《沁水县志》卷九《祠祀》记:“青莲寺,内有欸月台。”为观月胜地。《沁水县志》卷十一《艺文》载有七首吟咏青莲寺的诗作。清代邑人王度《中秋青莲寺欸月台》诗云:“双峰突兀三千丈,孤月圆明万里天。人间红尘飞不到,白云深处老僧眠。”元代文臣王恽曾在沁水板桥村寓居,板桥距洪谷不远,王恽因有青莲寺之游,并作有《游青莲寺》诗。青莲寺存有嘉靖、乾隆两通碑刻,记青莲寺重建于嘉靖年间。据当地民间传说:青莲寺约建于唐代,荆浩父亲是个寺产管理人员;青莲寺在唐代曾遭遇兵火被毁。因青莲寺毁于兵火,故石火庄取意寺火之意。
确定了荆浩太行洪谷具体位置,便可寻找荆浩《笔法记》所记神钲山、大岩扉、石鼓岩等地名。山西沁水境内太行洪谷之中,还真能找到荆浩《笔法记》所记神钲山、大岩扉、石鼓岩等地名,此有照片为证。
先找神钲山:神钲山者,言其山势如鼓状。石火庄南入峡谷不远处,突然孤立拔起一座鼓状山峰,便是神钲山,又称独秀峰,俗称小寨上,绝顶有一处古寺院地基遗址,据说神钲山上古寺院地基遗址为唐代所建,因兵火而没有完工。
次找大岩扉:大岩扉者,言其山崖状如门户。石火庄再南约五里历山东峡尽处绝顶,横卧一山崖,长达数里,高约百米,陡峭壁立如城墙。山崖中段,突然裂豁,宽约三十米,两边山崖直立,山崖由地而上六七十米处,中有天然石桥相连,景观非常奇特,远望犹如城阙,是为大岩扉。又石火庄西南六七里有下川村,村西里许有一山峰,峭立如壁。远望山壁,有一门阙图案,名石门山,乡民俗称石门门,也状如大岩扉。
再找大岩石鼓岩:石鼓岩者,言一巨石状如鼓。石火庄再南约五里历山东峡,峡谷中到处奇石怪石,其中有一巨石,状如石鼓,应是石鼓岩。乡民传说荆浩便是在这一巨石前,遇其《笔法记》所记“吾之所居,即石鼓岩间,所字,即石鼓岩子也”之老叟,得山水画真传,作成《笔法记》,画出《匡庐图》的。巨石上刻有柳体“诉说”二字,且隐约有画,巨石之石纹线条,俨然酷似《匡庐图》画面线条,乡民便附会为《匡庐图》。如果有心者,有机会前往历山东峡,观赏这快巨石之石纹线条,你会惊愕的认为,这一巨石即《笔法记》所记石鼓岩,石鼓岩之石纹线条,便是《匡庐图》画面线条。你还会肯定的认为,荆浩太行洪谷确实位于山西沁水历山境内。同时,历山东峡中到处奇石怪石,几乎是石石似画,而且石鼓岩两侧陡峭山崖之石纹线条,也仿佛象《匡庐图》的画面线条。
如果站在神钲山顶远望,整个洪谷山水布局,几与荆浩《匡庐图》中山水构图基本相似。洪谷山水布局也可分为三层。依据沁水地形图所标:峡谷中石(寺)火庄海拔1060公尺,位于洪谷东北约百米,村边约八九亩耕地,寺沟河流经石火庄,顺峡谷而出。石(寺)火庄应是荆浩《匡庐图》近景所绘河流与草庐。洪谷两侧各有一山,北侧山顶丛林中青莲寺海拔1110公尺,寺侧洪谷山溪在两山之间飞流而下。其山势水流,与荆浩《匡庐图》中景有石阶、丛林、矮峰、寺院,两山之间夹一飞瀑之构图,基本相似。青莲寺背后山坡较为平缓,约二三里处,突兀拔起几座山峰,高耸入云,最高峰名望谷峰,海拔高达1590公尺,便是荆浩《匡庐图》远景所绘几座高耸入云山峰。
再联系洪谷附近有神钲山、大岩扉、石鼓岩等地名,并有关于荆浩的传说,给以人们的感悟是:山西沁水洪谷山水布局,以及神韵气派,与荆浩《笔法记》所载太行洪谷的山水环境基本相符,而且与《匡庐图》画面山水构图惊人相似。因此可以认为:山西沁水洪谷,便是荆浩隐居作画的太行洪谷;洪谷谷口的石(寺)火庄,即是荆浩隐居太行洪谷的结庐之处。荆浩是以山西洪谷山水为题材背景,作出不朽的传世名画《匡庐图》;又以中条山主峰历山一带的群峰崖岩、山间飞瀑、古松怪石之雄姿气势,作成《笔法记》的。古代美术史上,自北宋以来困扰古今学人的千年悬案,终于得以破解。
荆浩字浩然,约生于唐大中四至十年(850-856)。早年“业儒,博通经史,善属文”,学识渊博。济源的风物景观多名人足迹,白居易有诗云:“济源山水好,老尹知之久。……孔山刀剑立,沁水龙蛇走;危磴上悬崖,澄转枋口。”唐开元道教宗师司马承桢曾于王屋山创建阳台宫。少年时的荆浩常来此宫,受司马承桢影响,在晚年所著《笔法记》中,将其与王维、张璪并列,赞曰:“白云尊师气象幽妙,俱得其元,动用逸常,深不可测。”荆浩还曾创作表现王屋山主峰的《天台图》,这些都与他早期生活经历有关。
荆浩不仅创造了笔墨并重的北派山水画,被后世尊为北方山水画派之祖,还为后人留下著名的山水画理论《笔法记》,以假托在神镇山遇一老翁,在互相问答中提出了气、韵、思、景、笔、墨的所谓绘景“六要”,是古代山水画理论中的经典之作,比更早时期南齐谢赫的“六法论”有所发展,具有更高的理论价值。荆浩创山水笔墨并重论,擅画“云中山顶”,早已提出山水画也必须“形神兼备”、“情景交融”,他的作品已被奉为宋画典范,只可惜留存于世的作品极少,且仅有的几幅画也尚存真伪之疑。
荆浩生平及早期绘画活动,荆浩出生于河南济源。济源北倚太行,西望王屋两山,南临黄河,与古都洛阳相邻,历来文风颇盛。沁河由西北截太行而出,两岸峭壁如削,谷幽水长。荆浩故里位于今县城东北十五里的谷堆头村,现存荆浩墓遗址。
荆浩对中国山水画的发展作出过重要贡献,将唐代出现的“水晕墨章”画法进一步推向成熟。他总结了唐代山水画的笔墨得失,认为李思训大亏墨彩;吴道子笔胜于像,亦恨无墨;项容用墨独得玄门,用笔全无其骨;只有张璪笔墨积微,真思卓然,不贵五彩,得到他的肯定。荆浩在山水画的师承上不只取法张璪,同时亦在吴道子与项容等人的笔墨得失之间,舍短用长,加以发展,自谓:“吴道子有笔而无墨,项容有墨而无笔,吾将采二子之所长,成一家之体”(《笔法记》)。他的山水画已经开始达到笔墨两得,皴染兼备,标志着中国山水画的一次大突破。他所作的全景式山水画更为丰富生动,其特点是在画幅的主要部位安排气势雄浑的主峰,在其他中景和近景部位则布置乔窠杂植,溪泉坡岸,并点缀村楼桥杓,间或穿插人物活动,使得一幅画境界雄阔,景物逼真和构图完整。荆浩的这种全景式山水画,奠定了稍后由关仝、李成、范宽等人加以完成的全景山水画的格局,推动了山水画走向空前未有的全盛期。他那表现北方山形特点的“云中山顶,四面峻厚”的雄伟风格,对于北宋前期山水画的发展产生了极大影响。历代评论家对他的艺术成就极为推崇,元代汤垕在《画鉴》中将其称为“唐末之冠”。
唐乾符元年(874)前后,荆浩由家乡来到开封,得同乡裴休的关照,曾为唐末小官。裴休任宰相五年,唐大中十年(856)罢官,在开封遇到高僧圆绍,二人志同道合,圆绍就命他居住在开封夷门仓垣水南寺。后圆绍名声日显,又扩建成横跨夷门山的巨院,由唐僖宗亲自题赐院额曰“双林院”。荆浩曾为双林院这一重要禅院绘制壁画,足见他当时的画名。“尝于京师双林院画宝陀落伽山观自在菩萨一壁”、(《五代名画补遗》),但此画未能传留,根据他后来在水墨山水画上的创造精神,可以断定,那是一幅人物与山水结合的水墨画。荆浩兼擅人物还有其他例证。现存他的《匡庐图》中,就有几个细小而动态极佳的点景人物。《宣和画谱》中,也记载他曾画有人物繁多的《山阴宴兰亭图》三幅、《楚襄王遇神女图》四幅。清代李佐贤《书画鉴影》著录了荆浩的《钟离访道图》:“山林墨笔,人物着色,兼工带写。”并记述画中钟离作举手问讯状,将士伫立状,对岸真人傍虎而行及童子回顾指示状等,描绘得十分生动。
荆浩在五代后梁时期,因政局多变,退隐不仕,开始了“隐于太行山之洪谷”的生涯,自号洪谷子。洪谷位于开封之北二百里左右的林县。林县唐时名林虑县,太行山脉于县西绵亘一百八十里,总称林虑山,由北向南依次叫黄华、天平、玉泉、洪谷、栖霞等山。山势雄伟壮丽,幽深奇瑰,历代多有隐逸者。北宋山水大家郭熙在《林泉高致》中指出:“太行枕华夏,而面目者林虑。”认为林虑乃太行山脉最美之处。
荆浩在这样幽美的环境中,躬耕自给,常画松树山水。他与外界交往甚少,但同邺都青莲寺却有较多联系,至少两次为该寺作画。邺都在今河北省临漳县北,位于林县之东,三国时为曹魏都城。当时邺都青莲寺沙门(住持和尚)大愚,曾乞画于荆浩,寄诗以达其意。诗曰:“六幅故牢建,知君恣笔踪。不求千涧水,止要两株松。树下留盘石,天边纵远峰。近岩幽湿处,惟藉墨烟浓。”可知他请荆浩画的是一幅松石图,以屹立于悬崖上的双松为主体,近处是水墨渲染的云烟,远处则群峰起伏。
不久荆浩果然画成赠大愚,并写了一首答诗:“恣意纵横扫,峰峦次第成。笔尖寒树瘦,墨淡野云轻。岩石喷泉窄,山根到水平。禅房时一展,兼称苦空情。”显然对自己这幅水墨淋漓的作品相当满意,同时也反映出他退隐后的心境——“苦空情”。苦空为佛家语,认为世俗间一切皆苦皆空,这正是他厌恶乱世的情怀。
从两人相互赠答诗中,可以看出他们不同寻常的关系。大愚说:“六幅故牢建,知君恣笔踪。”显然讲的是另一件事。“六幅”可解释为六张画,也可释为一张篇幅很大的画。按汉制,布帛广二尺二寸为幅,六幅就有一丈三尺二寸宽,也许是一件屏幛画。“故牢建”是说依然坚固地收藏着,保存完好。建,通“键”,锁藏。正因大愚以往曾得到过荆浩之画,所以才能说“知君”如何如何。且可以推断那六幅画作已是几年前的事了。
Jinghao (about 850-?) The most influential landscape painter in the Five Dynasties of China, Hou Liang, is well versed in the history of classics and is good at writing. Mengzhou (now Jiyuan, Henan Province) people. It probably lived between 870 and 940 AD. Jinghao is a master of classics, elegant and ancient. He can write articles and poems. At the end of Tang Dynasty, Fanzhen in Central Plains was separated and the world was in chaos. Jing Hao did not come out as an official and lived in seclusion in a place called Honggu in the Taihang Mountains. He farmed several mu of hilly fields for himself. Every day he sketches in the mountains and draws tens of thousands of sketches. After years of research and polishing, Jinghao has become a master of landscape painting.
He is good at painting landscapes and often portrays ancient pine trees with his pen. He claims to have the advantages of Wu Daozi's pen and Xiang Rongfu's ink, creating the expressive technique of ink halo seal. Yigong Buddha statue, once painted murals in Shuanglin Courtyard in Bianjing (Kaifeng, Henan Province today). It is one of the most important painters in the development of Chinese landscape painting.
He was born in the late Tang Dynasty and died in the late Tang Dynasty (923-936). The scholar-bureaucrat originated from the Hongguzi Mountains in Taihang, which was called "Hongguzi" in the later Liang Dynasty because of avoiding war and hiding in the flood valley of the Taihang Mountains. Jing Hao not only created the northern landscape painting with equal emphasis on brush and ink, but also left the famous theory of landscape painting "Bi Fa Ji" for later generations. On the pretext of meeting an old man in Shenzhen Mountain, he put forward the so-called "Six Essentials" of painting scenery, such as Qi, Yun, Thought, Landscape, Pen and Ink, in mutual questions and answers. The classical works in painting theory have a higher theoretical value than Sheikh's "Six Laws" in the earlier period of the Southern Qi Dynasty.
Jing Hao's creation of landscape brush and ink is also discussed. He is good at painting "Yunzhongshan Peak". He has long proposed that landscape painting must also be "both physical and spiritual" and "blending of scenes". His works have been regarded as a model of Song paintings, but unfortunately few works remain in the world, and only a few paintings are still doubtful about their authenticity.
Jinghao was born in Jiyuan, Henan Province. Jiyuan relies on Taihang in the north, Wangwu in the west, the Yellow River in the south, and Luoyang in the ancient capital. The Qinhe River is cut from the northwest to the Taihang River. The cliffs on both sides of the river are shattered and the valleys are long. Jinghao's hometown is situated in Guduitou Village, 15 miles northeast of the present county town. There are still remains of Jinghao's tomb.
Jing Hao, the word Haoran, was born about four to ten years (850-856) in the middle of Tang Dynasty. In his early years, "Confucianists, well-versed classics and history, good literature", knowledgeable. There are many famous people's footprints in Jiyuan's scenery and scenery. Bai Juyi has a poem: "Jiyuan has a good landscape, and Lao Yin has known for a long time." Kong Shan swords, Qinshui dragons and snakes go; Dangerous on the hanging spring, clear and green turn to the mouth. Sima Chengzhen, the Taoist priest of Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty, built a balcony palace in Wangwushan. When he was a teenager, Jing Hao often came to this palace. Influenced by Sima Chengzhen, he juxtaposed it with Wang Wei and Zhang Bi in his later years'Bifa Ji. He praised Bai Yun's respectful teacher's beautiful weather, which had its origin, and his usage of leisureliness was unpredictable. Jing Hao has also created the Tiantai Map which shows the main peak of Wangwu Mountain, all of which are related to his early life experience.
Around the first year of Tang Qianfu (874), Jing Hao came to Kaifeng from his hometown and was cared for by his fellow countryman Pei Xiu. He was a minor official in the late Tang Dynasty. Pei Xiu served as Prime Minister for five years. During the ten years of Tang Dynasty (856), he went out of office. He met Yuanshao, a senior monk in Kaifeng. The two men were like one another. Yuanshao ordered him to live in Shuinan Temple in Cangyuan, Yimen, Kaifeng. Houyuanshao's fame became more and more obvious, and it was expanded into a huge courtyard across Yimen Mountain. Tang Qizong personally inscribed the courtyard as Shuanglin Courtyard. Jing Hao once painted murals for Shuanglin Yuan, an important Buddhist temple, which showed his paintings at that time. "Taste the painting of Baotuo Laojia Mountain in Shuanglin Academy of Beijing Normal University", ("Supplement to Five Dynasties Paintings"), but this painting failed to survive. According to his later creative spirit in ink landscape painting, it can be concluded that it is a combination of characters and landscape ink painting.
There are other examples of Jing Hao who is good at both characters. In his Kuanglu Tu, there are several small and dynamic characters. In Xuanhe Painting Spectrum, it is also recorded that he has painted three pictures of Shanyin Banquet Lanting and four pictures of King Xiangwang Meeting Goddess. In the Qing Dynasty, Li Zuoxian's Calligraphy and Painting Review recorded Jinghao's "The Road Map of Zhong Li's Visit": "Mountain and Forest Ink, Character Coloring, Part-time Work Tape Writing." It also describes Zhong Lizuo's hand-raising inquiry, the standing of a scholar, the walking of a real man on the other side of the tiger, and the boy's retrospective indicators, which are vividly depicted.
Hidden in Honggu Mountain, Linzhou, Henan Province
Jinghao began his career of "hidden in the flood valley of the Taihang Mountains" in the later Liang Dynasty because of the changeable political situation.
Honggu is located in Linxian County about 200 miles north of Kaifeng. Linyu County was a famous county in Tang Dynasty. The Taihang Mountains lie 180 miles west of the county. They are called Linyu Mountain. They are Huanghua, Tianping, Yuquan, Honggu, Qixia and other mountains in turn from north to south. The mountains are magnificent, deep and magnificent, and there are many hermits in the past dynasties. Guo Xi, a great landscaper in the Northern Song Dynasty, pointed out in Lin Quan Gaozhi that "Taihang pillows Huaxia while Lin Yu is the face of it." Linyu is considered to be the most beautiful place in the Taihang Mountains.
In such a beautiful environment, Jing Hao works hard for himself and often paints pine landscapes. He had little contact with the outside world, but had much contact with the Qinglian Temple in Yedu. He painted for the temple at least twice.
Yedu is situated in the north of Linzhang County, Hebei Province, to the east of Linxian County. It was the capital of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms. At that time, Shamen (Abbot monk) Dayu of Youdu Qinglian Temple, once begged to paint in Jinghao and sent poems to achieve his purpose. The poem says, "Six paintings are built firmly, and you know the trace of the king's pen. Do not ask for a thousand streams of water, but two pines. Leave a stone beneath the tree, a vertical and distant peak on the horizon. Close to the rocks and moist places, only by smoke. He asked Jinghao to draw a picture of pine stones, with Shuangsong standing on the cliff as the main body, clouds and smoke rendered by ink and wash near, and peaks fluctuated in the distance.
Before long, Jing Hao painted Da Yu as a gift and wrote an answer poem: "Wantonly sweep across the mountains and peaks in turn. The pen point is thin, the ink is light and the wild clouds are light. Rock fountains are narrow and mountain roots are horizontal. Zen room exhibition, also known as the bitter empty situation. Obviously, he is quite satisfied with his ink-washed work, and at the same time reflects his mood after his retirement - "bitter emptiness". Kukong is a Buddhist language. He thinks that everything in the world is empty, which is his feeling of disgust with troubled times.
From their reciprocal poems, we can see their unusual relationship. Dayu said, "Six paintings are built firmly, and you know how to write without restraint." Obviously it's another thing. "Six paintings" can be interpreted as six paintings or as a large picture. According to the Han system, cloth and silk are two feet and two inches wide, and six are three feet and two inches wide. Perhaps it is a screen painting. "Therefore firmly built" means that it is still firmly stored and well preserved. Build, key, lock. It is because Dayu has been painted by Jinghao in the past that he can say how to know the emperor. It can be inferred that the six paintings were several years ago.
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