陆机平复帖

 荆衡杞梓

陆机生于吴郡横山（今江苏昆山）。他出身名门士族，为孙吴丞相陆逊之孙，其父陆抗亦为孙吴大司马，陆机为陆抗第四子。他身长七尺，声如洪钟。年少时有奇才，文章盖世，倾心儒家学术，非礼不动。

凤凰三年（274年），陆抗逝世，陆机与其兄陆晏、陆景、陆玄及弟陆云分领陆抗部曲，担任牙门将。

太康元年（280年），陆机二十岁时孙吴灭亡，他于是退居家乡，闭门勤学，累积十余年。由于陆机父祖宗亲在孙吴都位居将相，功勋卓著，他深深感慨吴末帝孙皓抛弃祖业，投降西晋。便评论孙权得天下、孙皓亡天下的原因，又追述自己祖父、父亲的功业，于太康九年（288年）创作了《辨亡论》（分上、下两篇）。 

二陆入洛

太康十年（289年），陆机与弟弟陆云一同来到京师洛阳，初入洛阳时，二人志气高昂，自认为是江南名族，不重视中原人士，只拜访当时的名士、太常张华。张华一向重视陆机的名声，陆机与张华相见便感到一面如故，他钦佩张华的德望风范，以师长的礼仪对待他（后张华遇害，陆机为他作了诔文，又创作《咏德赋》来悼念他）。张华说：“伐吴之战，获得了两个俊士。”并把他们推荐给诸公，使得二陆名气大振。时有“二陆入洛，三张减价”之说（“三张”指张载、张协和张亢）。

志匡世难

太熙元年（290年），太傅杨骏征召陆机任祭酒。元康元年（291年），晋惠帝皇后贾南风发动政变，诛杀杨骏。

元康二年（292年），陆机接连担任太子洗马、著作郎。 他喜欢交游权贵门第，与外戚贾谧亲善，为“金谷二十四友”（一作鲁公二十四友）之一，因而遭到讥讽。

元康四年（294年），吴王司马晏出京镇守淮南，任命陆机为吴国郎中令。元康六年（296年），随吴王游梁、陈之地，其冬，转任尚书中兵郎。元康七年（297年），转为殿中郎。 

元康八年（298年），陆机出补著作郎。 

永康元年（300年），赵王司马伦发动政变，诛杀贾后并辅政后，陆机被请为相国（司马伦）参军。因参与诛讨贾谧有功，赐爵关中侯，不久，司马伦将要篡位，任命他为中书郎。 

永宁元年（301年），三王（齐王司马冏、河间王司马颙、成都王司马颖）举义，诛杀篡位的司马伦，齐王司马冏认为陆机任中书之职，怀疑加司马伦九锡以及惠帝禅诏之文陆机有参与，于是收捕陆机等九人交付廷尉治罪。仰赖成都王司马颖、吴王司马晏一齐救援疏理，陆机才得以减免死刑，被流放边地，遇到大赦才没去。当时中原多难，与陆机交好的江南名士顾荣、戴渊等都劝陆机回到江南，陆机仗着才能声望，志在匡正世难，所以不从。司马冏主政后，恃功自夸，受爵位不礼让，陆机厌恶他，便作了《豪士赋》来讽刺司马冏。司马冏仍未觉悟，而最终失败被杀。

当时，成都王司马颖推让功劳而不自居，慰劳下士。陆机既感谢他救过自己的恩德，又见朝廷屡有变异祸难，认为司马颖必定能使晋室兴隆，于是委身于他。司马颖让陆机参大将军军事，任平原内史，后世遂称其为“陆平原”。

太安二年（303年），司马颖与河间王司马颙起兵讨伐长沙王司马乂，让陆机代理后将军、河北大都督，率领北中郎将王粹、冠军将军牵秀等各军共二十多万人。陆机因家中三代为将，是道家所忌讳的，外加客居他乡做官，位居群士之上，王粹、牵秀等都有怨恨之心，所以陆机坚决请求辞去都督之职。司马颖不同意。陆机同乡人孙惠也劝陆机把都督之职让给王粹，陆机说：“你是说我要踌躇躲避贼子，正好会招致灾祸。”于是就任。司马颖对陆机说：“如果事情成功，封你为郡公，任台司之职，将军你要努力啊！”陆机说：“从前齐桓公因信任管夷吾而建立九合诸侯之功，燕惠王因怀疑乐毅而失去将要成功之业，今天的事，在您不在我啊！”司马颖的左长史卢志内心嫉恨陆机得宠，对司马颖进言道：“陆机自比于管子、乐毅，把您比作昏君，自古以来命将派兵，没有臣子欺凌国君而可以成事的。”司马颖沉默不语。

陆机开始治军时，军旗折断，他内心很是厌恶。军队列阵出发，从朝歌至河桥，鼓声传数百里，自从汉魏以来，还不曾有过这样盛大的出兵场面，长沙王司马乂挟持惠帝与陆机在鹿苑交战，陆机军大败，赴七里涧而死的士兵如同积薪，涧水为此不流，将军贾棱也战死。 

华亭鹤唳

当初，宦官孟玖及其弟孟超一并被司马颖宠幸。孟超率领一万人任小都督，还未交战，就放纵士兵掳掠，陆机逮捕了主凶。孟超带铁骑百余人，径直到陆机麾下抢人，回头对陆机说：“貉奴（北人对南人的蔑称）能作都督吗？”陆机的司马孙拯劝陆机杀了他，陆机不同意。孟超公开对众人说：“陆机将要谋反。”又给孟玖写信，说陆机怀有二心，不赶快决战。作战时，孟超又不受陆机管辖，轻易率兵独自进军而覆没。孟玖却怀疑是陆机杀了他，便向司马颖进谗言，说陆机有异志。将军王阐、郝昌、公师藩等都被孟玖利用，与牵秀等共同证明。司马颖大怒，让牵秀秘密逮捕陆机。当晚，陆机梦见黑车帷缠住车子，手撕扯不开，天亮后牵秀的部队就到了。陆机脱下戎装，穿上白帢，与牵秀相见，神态自若，对牵秀说：“自从吴国覆灭，我兄弟宗族蒙受大晋重恩，入朝陪侍帷幄，剖符带兵。成都王把重任交给我，我推辞却没有获准。今日被杀，难道不是命吗！”便给司马颖写了一封信，言辞非常凄恻。临刑时，陆机感叹道：“华亭的鹤鸣声，哪能再听到呢？”于是在军中遇害，时年四十三岁。两个儿子陆蔚、陆夏也一同被害，弟陆云、陆耽也随后遇害。陆机既不当死罪，士卒都因此感到痛惜，没有谁不为此流泪。这一天白天大雾弥合，大风折树，平地积雪一尺厚，议论的人认为是陆机冤死的象征。他死后，好友纪瞻赡养接济陆家，无微不至。

陆机遇害后，还葬云间，今其墓周河套尚存遗址，仍可辨认。 

 文学

主词条：太康诗风

两晋诗坛上承建安、正始，下启南朝，呈现出一种过渡的状态，西晋诗坛以陆机、潘岳为代表，讲究形式，描写繁复，辞采华丽，诗风繁缛。所谓太康诗风就是指以陆、潘为代表的西晋诗风。 [28]  陆机天才秀逸，辞藻宏达佳丽，被誉为“太康之英”。

陆机作文音律谐美，讲求对偶，典故很多，开创了骈文的先河。陆、潘诸人为了加强诗歌铺陈排比的描写功能，将辞赋的句式用于诗歌，丰富了诗歌的表现手法。他们诗中山水描写的成分大量增加，排偶之句主要用于描写山姿水态，为谢灵运、谢朓诸人的山水诗起了先导的作用。

追求华辞丽藻、描写繁复详尽及大量运用排偶，是太康诗风“繁缛” 特征的主要表现。从文学发展的规律来看，由质朴到华丽，由简单到繁复，是必然的趋势。正如萧统所说：“盖踵其事而增华，变其本而加厉，物既有之，文亦宜然。”陆、潘发展了曹植“辞采华茂”的一面，对中国诗歌的发展是有贡献的，对南朝山水诗的发展及声律、对仗技巧的成熟，有促进的作用。

陆机流传下来的诗，共105首，大多为乐府诗和拟古诗。代表作有《君子行》、《长安有狭邪行》、《赴洛道中作》等。刘勰《文心雕龙·乐府篇》称：“子建士衡，咸有佳篇。”

陆机赋今存27篇，较出色的有《文赋》、《叹逝赋》、《漏刻赋》等。散文中，除《辨亡论》外，代表作还有《吊魏武帝文》。陆机还仿扬雄“连珠体”，作《演连珠》五十首，《文心雕龙·杂文》篇将扬雄以下众多模仿之作称为“欲穿明珠，多贯鱼目”，独推许陆机之作：“唯士衡运思，理新文敏，而裁章置句，广于旧篇，岂慕朱仲四寸之珰乎！夫文小易周，思闲可赡。足使义明而词净，事圆而音泽，磊磊自转，可称珠耳。”

张华曾对陆机说：“别人作文，常遗憾才气少，而你更担心才气太多。”其弟陆云曾在给他的信中说：“君苗见到兄长的文章，便要烧掉他的笔砚。”后来葛洪著书，称赞陆机的文章“犹如玄圃的积玉，没有什么不是夜晚发光的，五条河喷吐流波，源泉却一样。他的文辞弘达美丽典雅周全，英锐飘逸而出，也是一代的绝笔啊！”刘勰《文心雕龙·才略篇》评其诗文云：“陆机才欲窥深，辞务索广，故思能入巧，而不制繁。”明朝张溥赞之：“北海（孔融）以后，一人而已”。

思想

陆机创作时恪守道家崇尚自然的思想，并深受黄老思想内修之学的影响。理论见解在许多方面都跟道家思想密切相关，或直接引用，或是对其加以发挥，很有老庄思想的风范。

陆机在政治上主张实行分封制，曾著《五等论》以说明

书法

陆机善书法，其章草作品《平复帖》是中国古代存世最早的名人法书真迹，也是历史上第一件流传有序的法帖墨迹，有“法帖之祖”的美誉，被评为九大“镇国之宝”。

宋陈绎曾云：“士衡《平复帖》，章草奇古”。《大观录》里说《平复帖》为“草书、若篆若隶，笔法奇崛”。《平复帖》对后世也产生过较大影响。清人顾复称“古意斑驳而字奇幻不可读，乃知怀素《千字文》、《苦笋帖》，杨凝式《神仙起居法》，诸草圣咸从此得笔。”这些评论或许有牵强附会之感，但若是怀素、杨凝式当真见到，也确会为之动情。董其昌赞云“右军以前，元常之后，唯存数行，为希代宝”。《宣和书谱》还曾收录有其行书《望想帖》。

 文学

据《晋书·陆机传》载，陆机所作诗、赋、文章，共300多篇，今存诗107首，文127篇（包括残篇）。原有文集四十七卷，《隋书· 经籍志》亦著录有《陆机集》十四卷，均佚。南宋徐民臆发现遗文10卷，与陆云集合辑为《晋二俊文集》，明代陆元大据以翻刻，即今通行之《陆士衡集》。明人张溥《汉魏六朝百三名家集》中辑有《陆平原集》。 [34]  《全晋文》卷96~卷99录有其作品，逯钦立《秦汉魏晋南北朝诗》辑有其诗。

中华书局1982年出版金涛声校点的《陆机集》，今人刘运好有《陆士衡文集校注》。

史学

陆机在史学方面也有建树，著有《晋纪》四卷、《吴书》（未成）、《要览》、《洛阳记》一卷等。 

绘画

据唐代张彦远《历代名画记》记载，陆机还著有《画论》。

 Lu Ji (261-303), Zishiheng, from Wuxian County, Wujun County, Jiangsu Province. A famous writer and calligrapher in the Western Jin Dynasty. Born in Lushi, Wujun County, he is the fourth son of Lu Xun, the Prime Minister of Sun Wu, and the fourth son of Dasima Lukang. He is called "Erlu" together with his brother Lu Yun, and "Luoyang Sanjun" together with Gu Rong and Lu Yun.

Lu Ji was a dental goalkeeper in Sun Wu's time. After Wu's death, he became an official in the Western Jin Dynasty. Taikang was ten years old (289). When Lu Ji brothers came to Luoyang, their literary talent was overwhelming for a while. They were appreciated by Zhang Hua, who was very popular since then. Sometimes there is the saying that "two landlords enter Luo, three price reductions". Successive Taifu wine offering, Wu Guolang Zhongling, Shulang and other posts, and Jia Jing and other ties as "Lu Gong 24 friends". When Simalon, king of Zhao, came to power, he joined the army as the prime minister, sealed up the central Marquis of the Customs, and was falsely appointed when he usurped the throne. After Simalon was criticized, he was almost executed. Wang Simaying of Chengdu was rescued. Since then, Simalon has been committed to it. It is the internal history of the plain, known as the "land plain". In the second year of Tai'an (303), general and governor of Hebei led the army to fight against Sima Meng, the king of Changsha. However, he was defeated by Qilijian, and was eventually slandered and killed by the three ethnic groups of Yi.

Lu Ji's poems emphasize the importance of painting couples and parallel prose. He and his brother Lu Yunfu were well-known writers in the Western Jin Dynasty, and were praised as "Taikang Ying". With Pan Yue as the representative of the Western Jin Dynasty, Taikang style of poetry was formed, which is known as Pan Jiang Lu Hai. Lu Ji is also good at calligraphy, and his Pingfu Tie is the earliest calligraphic work of celebrities in the Middle Ages.

Jing Heng Qi Zi

Lu Ji was born in Hengshan, Wujun (Kunshan, Jiangsu Province today). He came from a famous scholar family and was the grandson of Lu Xun, Prime Minister of Sun Wu. His father Lu Kang was also Sun Wu Dasima and Lu Ji was the fourth son of Lu Kang. He is seven feet long and sounds like a bell. When I was young, I had great talent. I wrote great articles, devoted myself to Confucianism and was impolite.

In the third year of Fenghuang (274), Lu Kang died. Lu Ji and his brothers Lu Yan, Lu Jing, Lu Xuan and Lu Yun led Lu Kang's Battle and served as a dental goalkeeper.

In the first year of Taikang (280), when Lu Ji died at the age of 20, Sun Wu retired to his hometown and worked hard behind closed doors for more than ten years. Because Lu Ji's father and grandparents were generals and ministers in the capital of Sun and Wu, with outstanding merits, he deeply lamented that Sun Hao, Emperor of the late Wu Dynasty, abandoned his ancestral business and surrendered to the Western Jin Dynasty. He commented on the reasons why Sun Quan gained the world and Sun Hao died. He also traced the achievements of his grandfather and father. In the ninth year of Taikang (288), he wrote The Theory of Death Differentiation (top and bottom two articles).

Luilin Luo

Taikang 10 years (289 years), Lu Ji and his brother Lu Yun came to Luoyang, Beijing Normal University. When they first entered Luoyang, they were high-spirited. They considered themselves to be famous people in the south of the Yangtze River. They did not attach importance to the people in the Central Plains. They only visited the famous scholars and Taichang Zhanghua at that time. Zhang Hua always attaches importance to the reputation of Lu Ji. When Lu Ji meets Zhang Hua, he feels the same way. He admires Zhang Hua's virtuous demeanor and treats him with his teacher's etiquette. Zhang Hua said, "The battle of Wu was won by two handsome men." They were recommended to the princes, which made Erlu famous. Sometimes there is the saying that "two landlords enter Luo and three bargains are reduced" ("three sheets" refer to Zhang Zai, Zhang Xie and Zhang Kang).

Zhi Kuang Shi Shi

In the first year of Taixi (290), Taifu Yang Jun summoned Lu Ji to offer sacrifices to wine. In the first year of Yuankang (291), Empress Jia Nanfeng of Jin Hui launched a coup against Yang Jun.

In the second year of Yuankang (292), Lu Ji successively served as the prince's horse washer and writer. He liked to make friends with powerful families, and was kind to his relatives Jia Bin. He was one of the "twenty-four friends of Golden Valley" (one of Lu Gong's twenty-four friends), so he was ridiculed.

In the fourth year of Yuankang (294), Sima Yan, king of Wu, went out of Beijing to guard Huainan and appointed Lu Ji as commander-in-chief of Wu Guolang. In the sixth year of Yuankang (296), he traveled with King Wu to visit Liang and Chen's land, and in the winter he was transferred to Shangshu Binglang. In the seventh year of Yuankang (297), he changed to Dianzhong Lang.

In the eighth year of Yuankang (298), Lu Ji wrote a supplementary book.

In the first year of Yongkang (300 years), after Simalen, king of Zhao, launched a coup, assassinated Jia and assisted him in politics, Lu Ji was invited to join the army as Xiangguo (Simalen). As a result of his participation in criticizing Jia Jing for his meritorious service, he bestowed the title of Lord Guan Zhonghou. In the near future, Simalon will usurp the throne and appoint him as Zhongshulang.

In the first year of Yongning (301), the three kings (Sima Ran, Sima Jun, Wang Sima Ying of Chengdu) executed justice and assassinated Sima lun, who usurped the throne. Sima Ran of Qi believed that Lu Ji was in the position of Zhongshu. He suspected that Kasmaran Jiuxi and Wen Luji of Huidi Zen imperial edict were involved, so nine people, such as Lu Ji, were arrested and handed over to the court for conviction. With the help of Wang Sima Ying and Wu Wang Sima Yan in Chengdu, Lu Ji was exempted from death penalty, exiled to the border areas, and did not go until he met with amnesty. At that time, there were many difficulties in the Central Plains. Gu Rong and Dai Yuan, the famous scholars in the south of the Yangtze River who had made good friends with Lu Ji, urged Lu Ji to return to the south of the Yangtze River. After Sima Ran was in power, he boasted of his merits, was not polite to the title, and Lu Ji disliked him, so he made "Haoshi Fu" to satirize Sima Ran. Sima Ran was still unconscious, and ultimately failed and was killed.

At that time, Wang Sima Ying of Chengdu gave credit to corporal officers instead of pretending to be himself. Lu Ji not only thanked him for saving his own kindness, but also saw that the court had many disasters of mutation. He believed that Sima Ying must be able to make the Jin Dynasty prosperous, so he committed himself to him. Sima Ying let Lu Ji join the general's army and became the interior history of the plain. Later generations called it the "land plain".